10.

Infectious Diseases
Lets go boys and girls.
Index

 Syllabus
 10.1 Infectious Diseases
 10.2 Antibodies
 Revised Notes
 MCQs

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The syllabus

What we’re going to learn.

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Protips
Do NOT memorize the
textbook or syllabus.

Do NOT panic if the

question talks about
diseases you are unaware
of.

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10.1 Infectious Diseases

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 Carriers
 Transmission cycle
 Endemics

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Cholera

 Water borne
 Vibrio cholera
 Southeast – Asia
 Choleragen
 Disrupts the epithelium lining

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Malaria

 Water bred
 Plasmodia falciparum
 Anopheles
 Tropical countries
 Anemia, nausea, headaches, fever, muscle pain, shivering and sweating

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TB

 Either mycobacterium tuberculosis or mycobacterium bovis.

 Sometimes active – sometimes not.
 Coughing and sneezing releases the bacteria.
 Cows – pasteurized milk eliminates TB
 Developed resistance.
 Penicillin

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AIDS

 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

 HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
 Body Fluids, blood.
 Homosexuals
 No treatment (safe sex)
 Opportunistic diseases.

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Small Pox

V A R I O L A
 Eradicated!

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Measles

 Morbillivirus
 Symptoms are runny nose, cough, red eyes and conjunctivitis, small white spots
inside the cheeks.
 Pneumonia, ear and sinus infection, brain damage and convulsions.
 Childhood blindness

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10.2 Antibodies
Penicillin

 Antibodies
 Peptidoglycan
 Virus protective coat
Resistance

 Few resistant bacteria

 Selective breeding – only the fittest survive. [Vertical Transmission]
 Mutation in genes – plasmids. [Horizontal Transmission]
Resistance and how it impacts us

 New strains – not good.

 Restrict to few countries.
 Only when necessary.
 Complete the course.
 Change it up.
Revision notes

Everything you need to know.

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10.1 Infectious Diseases

 Diseases are disorders of the body/mind that lead to poor health.

 Pathogens spread diseases.
 Infectious diseases are transmissible diseases caused by pathogens. They reduce
the effectiveness of functions.
 Non-infectious diseases can be caused due to environmental factors or genetic
disorders.
 People who carry pathogens but do not show the symptoms are carriers.
 Transmission cycle is the way a pathogen passes from one host to another.
 An endemic is always in a population, species found in a certain area and
nowhere else.
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10.1 Infectious Diseases [contd.]

 MALARIA
 Caused by the protoctist Plasmodium falciparum.
 Transmitted during blood transfusion and from mother to fetus.
 Dipstick test for malaria antigens in blood.
 Anti-malaria drugs such as quinine and chloroquine.
 Chloroquine inhibits protein synthesis and Proguanil inhibits the sexual
reproduction.
 Prevention - Avoid being bitten by mosquitos
 Impossible to completely eradicate breeding sites
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10.1 Infectious Diseases [contd.]

 CHOLERA
 Caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
 Transmits through faeces which contaminate the water.
 Bacteria reaches the walls of small intestines and releases choleragen.
 Causes severe diarrhoea and fatal fluid loss.
 Solution of salts and glucose given to rehydrate the body.
 Patient’s fluid intake should equals the loss.
 Preventing – sewage treatment, provision of clean piped water (chlorinated).
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10.1 Infectious Diseases [contd.]

 AIDS
 Caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
 Genetic material is RNA not DNA. Once inside the host cell, RNA is converted to
DNA.
 Virus destroys the cells of the body’s immune system.
 Allowing pathogens to cause a variety of opportunistic infections.
 Spreads by intimate human contact.
 Initial epidemic amongst homosexuals practicing anal intercourse and had many
partners.
 Global distribution worldwide especially in sub-Saharan Africa and South-East 22
Asia.
10.1 Infectious Diseases [contd.]

 TB
 Either mycobacterium tuberculosis or mycobacterium bovis.
 Develops quickly or stays inactive. If inactive, infection doesn’t spread to others
until people are weakened by other diseases.
 TB is the first opportunistic infection to strike HIV positive people.
 Bacteria are carried in the air in tiny droplets of liquid.
 Spread of mycobacterium bovis occurs in cattle and spreads to humans in meat
and milk.
 Patients should be isolated.
 Penicillin has no effect on it because the thick cell wall is not permeable and it
has a gene that codes for an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of penicillin.
10.1 Infectious Diseases [contd.]

 MEASLES
 Multiplies inside the cells in the upper respiratory tract.
 Symptoms are runny nose, cough, red and watery eyes (conjunctivitis), small
white spots inside the cheeks.
 Could lead to pneumonia, ear and sinus infection, brain damage and
convulsions.
 No specific treatment.
 One of the most contagious disease.
10. 2 Antibodies

 An antibiotic is a drug that kills or stops the growth of bacteria.

 In the bacterial cell wall, peptidoglycans are held together by cross-links that
form between them.
 Penicillin inhibits the enzymes that builds these cross links.
 Penicillin is only active against growing bacteria.
 Protective coat of virus is not made of peptides and sugars.
10. 2 Antibodies [contd.]

 Antibiotic resistance can arise when there is a change in the DNA of the bacteria
or mutation
 Some resistant bacteria survive and if any mutations occur, these might result in
resistance.
 Bacteria without this mutant gene will be killed.
 This method of spreading antibiotic resistance is called vertical transmission.
 Genes for antibiotic resistance often occur on plasmids.
 Plasmids are transferred from a donor bacterium to a recipient.
 This method of transmission is horizontal transmission
 10. 2 Antibodies [contd.]

 Antibiotic resistance means that there is a constant race to find or develop new
antibiotics.
 The impact can be reduced by using antibiotics only when appropriate and
necessary.
 Reducing the number of countries in which antibiotics are sold without a doctor's
prescription.
 Avoiding the use of wide-spectrum antibiotics and use narrow-spectrum ones.
 Making sure that patients complete their course of antibiotics.
 Making sure that patients do not keep unused antibiotics for future use.
 Changing the type of antibiotics prescribed so that the same antibiotic is not
always prescribed for the same disease
 MCQs

MCQs to make sure you really understood everything.

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D

B
B
C

B
B

A
Thank you~

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