EE19M1009

Introduction
 The interconnection of small, modular general sources to low voltage distribution
systems forms a new type of power system, the MicroGrid.
 MicroGrids are mainly connected to the main power network they can be operated
autonomously however, if they are isolated from the power grid, in a similar manner to
the power systems of physical islands.
 In this way, they can increase the reliability of service, in case of faults in the MV
network.
 In this presentation , the performance of various types of micro-sources comprising
MicroGrids in grid-connected and off-grid operation.
 Micro grids comprise LV distribution systems with distributed energy sources (micro-turbines,
fuel cells, PV, etc.) together with storage devices (flywheels, energy capacitors and batteries).
Such systems can be operated in a non-autonomous way, if interconnected to the grid, or in an
autonomous way, if disconnected from the main grid.

 The operation of micro-sources in the network introduces considerable complexity in the

operation of a LV grid, especially under off grid operation, but at the same time, it can provide
distinct benefits to the overall system performance, if managed and coordinated efficiently.
 The micro sources considered comprise two fuel cells, two batteries and a fixed
speed asynchronous wind generator.
 The Micro Grid also consists of low voltage lines and various loads connected at
various nodes of the network or directly at the micro-source terminal nodes
 An infinite bus represents the grid with fixed nominal voltage of 250V rms and
50Hz frequency. The lines of the interconnecting low voltage network are
modeled in time domain by their differential equations. It has to be noted that in
case of a Micro Grid we cannot assume that X>>R, as the length of the
distribution lines is short.
•The batteries in grid connected mode are charging, so the active power they produce is negative. The fuel
cell and the wind turbine contribute to the network demand.
• The power output of the batteries is positive, meaning that the batteries start to discharge the active
power response of the battery assuming that batteries are sufficiently charged during interconnected
operation.
• In grid-connected mode, the battery absorbs a small amount of active power, since it is almost charged.
Switching takes place at the third second of the simulation and as illustrated, the battery responds almost
immediately to the rapid change covering the necessary active power.
•We can observe that the battery reacts immediately to the load change and offers part of the active power
needed for some milliseconds
•we can see that the frequency of the network has fallen to 49.3 Hz.
•the system frequency remains constant at 50 Hz during the grid connected operation.
•the frequency of the Micro Grid before and after the load increase. The frequency falls now to 49Hz, however the
system remains in equilibrium.
•we see that frequency falls immediately from 50Hz to 49.5Hz and afterwards it continues to decrease slower
up to 49.3Hz. This value depends on the demand, the fuel cell production and the wind generator
production at the time of islanding.
• In case demand is lower than the production of the Distributed Generators, the frequency will rise after
islanding. In the case examined in this section, the active power of the fuel cells, batteries and wind turbine
was less than the demand.
jhhii

•the voltage at the wind generator bus. As seen, it remains almost constant at a peak value of 320V
•the voltage at the wind generator bus is shown. It is again almost constant at a peak value slightly
higher than 300V. In autonomous operation the network voltage is lower than in grid-connected operation.
•As seen in Figure,it is expected the grid to weaken and the voltage at the various nodes to decrease. Figure
displays how the voltage at the wind generator bus falls to 305V after switching at t= 9 sec.
•The same reduction can be observed at all nodes of the MicroGrid. However, the voltage is retained in
acceptable levels (RMS = 215 Volts) so that the operation of the MicroGrid can continue without the support of
the grid.
conclusion
 In this paper the performance of a MicroGrid consisting of fuel cells,
batteries, a wind generator and various dispersed loads is studied. Three
modes of operation are considered: the grid-connected, the islanded and the
transition between these two modes.
 Emphasis is placed on the response of the microsources in steady state and
transient conditions caused by step increases of loads in the above modes of
operation and also during switching between grid-connected and islanded
mode.
 It is concluded that under the conditions studied, the microgrid can sustain
satisfactory operation during and after islanding.