Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Technology
Neil Sookram
Production & Perforating Domain Champion
Excellence inOrganisation
A Streamlined Execution dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution
Smart Perforating
• Objectives
• Reservoir parameters
• Rock properties
• Completion details
• Gun & charge choice
• Technique choice
• Operational details
Optimize
Execution
Gun Hardware
Deployment
Treatment
Pressure Drop
• Perforation Casing Hole Size
• Interval Length
• Number of Shots
Tortuosity
• Phasing (180°, 60°, 120°)
• Orientation
• Micro Annulus or Multiple Fractures
• Deviation
Enerjet
Power Spiral
Pivot Gun
PURE Gun
HSD Gun
Casing Gun
HEGS Gun
HVO Gun
• Single-shot perforation in
outcrop, reservoir core samples
• Core under downhole pressure
conditions, ability to monitor
perforation while flowing (and at
stress), gravel pack perforations
under field conditions
• Perforation, post-perf flow, sand
production monitoring, gravel
packing, post-GP flow
14 PURE Perforating
9 October, 2008
A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution
Balanced Perforations - No Post-Shot Flow
PI = 0.07 bbl/d/psi
PI = 0.2 bbl/d/psi
The PURE system may only be used pursuant to a contract agreed with Schlumberger and
must not be distributed or divulged to third parties, or duplicated in whole or in part, without
prior written permission by Schlumberger.
* Mark of Schlumberger
Productivity Injectivity
Poor Poor
Debris
Good Poor
Debris
Penetration, P
Good Good
Dmg depth
Damaged zone, Kd Undamaged formation, K
Schlumberger Private
PURE Charge
Pr
Cement Virgin Reservoir :
Pr, K
Pw
Casing
Shape Charge
Time ms
Comments :
• Pw is below Pr and corresponds to a desired initial
underbalance pressure
• Pg below Pw since Pg is at atmospheirc pressure
Timing :
Perforation & PURE Timescale • 0-15 Microsecond – Birth of jet
• High jet tip velocity - 7,000 m/sec.
2 : Fire guns • Pressure in gun ( Pg) increases. Gun Swells
Schlumberger Private
Pr
Cement Virgin Reservoir :
Pr, K
Pw
Casing
Time ms
Comments :
• Gun Pressure Pg is building up inside the Gun because
of gas pressure generated by explosive ( deto
cord,shaped charge ) combustion.
• Gun starts to swell
Timing :
Perforation & PURE Timescale • 15-30 Microsecond – Jet interaction with fluid
• Jet creates a hole in gun body
3 : Gun pressure released • Free communication in between inner gun and Wellbore fluid
Schlumberger Private
Pr
Cement Virgin Reservoir :
Pr, K
Pw
Casing
Time ms
Comments :
• High gas pressure generated by explosives exits from
gun and gas expends creating a large spike in pressure
in the wellbore
Timing :
• 30-250 Microsecond – Creation of cavity in Rock
Perforation & PURE Timescale • High impact pressure : 15 million psi
4 : Creation of perforation tunnel • Jet creates perforation tunnel and allow communication in between
reservoir and wellbore
Schlumberger Private
Virgin Reservoir :
Pr
Pr
Pw
Reduced Permeability
Crushed Zone : Kc
Time ms
Comments :
• High impact jet on reservoir pulverizes formation rock
grains causing a change in the matrix rock that results
in a low-permeability crushed zone immediately
surrounding the perforation tunnels and creating
Damaged Zone : Kd potential for migration of fine particles
• The process also leaves some residual charge debris
inside the perforations.
• Gas fully expanded in wellbore
Timing :
• 300-500 Microsecond - End of penetration
Perforation & PURE Timescale • 1-5 Millisecond – Initial response of wellbore fluid
5 : Wellbore fluid rushes in gun • Perforation tunnel and allow communication in between reservoir and
wellbore
Schlumberger Private
Virgin Reservoir :
Pr
Loose sand
Pr
Pw
Reduced Permeability
Crushed Zone : Kc
0
Time ms
Comments :
• Also the perforation process leaves a mixture of
crushed material in the tunnel (comminuted debris,
loose sands, charge debris) which can have a large
impact in injection efficiency
Damaged Zone : Kd •The process also leaves some residual charge debris
inside the perforations.
• The fluid in the wellbore begins to notice that it can
expand inside the gun
Timing :
• 5-10Millisecond – PURE Effect
Perforation & PURE Timescale • First step : Tensile failure of crushed zone
6 : Dynamic underbalance occurs ( DUB)
Schlumberger Private
Virgin Reservoir :
Pr, K
Pr
Differential pressure
=
PURE DUB
0 10
Time ms
Comments :
• Tensile failure is caused by exposure to the high
differential pressure between reservoir and wellbore.
When the peak strength of the flow exceeds the
strength of the rock damaged by perforating, tensile
failure will cause the weakened rock to be removed
Timing :
•10-50 Millisecond – PURE Effect
Perforation & PURE Timescale • Second Step : Crushed zone removed from perforation tunnel
7 : Transport of failed material • Perforation tunnel cleaned up
Schlumberger Private
Virgin Reservoir :
Pr, K
Pr
Flow
period
0 10 20 30 40 50
Comments : Time ms
• Fines and perforation debris are removed from the
perforation tunnel by the subsequent flow into the
wellbore caused by the dynamic underbalance
Timing :
• 50 Millisecond – Reservoir reaction
Perforation & PURE Timescale • Clean perforation tunnel
8 : Reservoir response
Schlumberger Private
Virgin Reservoir :
Pr, K
Pr
Well
flows
0 10 20 30 40 50
Comments : Time ms
• After perforating and PURE events ,perforation
tunnels are free of damages .
• Reservoir is flowing with increased permeability
around perforation tunnel and thus enhanced well
productivity.
Conventional vs. Dynamic Underbalance
Conventional Underbalance (example): Dynamic Underbalance (example):
BHP before perf. = 1000 psi UB BHP before perf. = 1500 psi OB
Instantaneous UB = No (< 0.1 sec) Instantaneous UB = 2500 psi
Max UB < 500 psi (variable) Max UB = 2500 psi
Kc/K = 0.047 -> PR < 70% Kc/K = 1 -> PR = 100%
PURE
Schlumberger Private
Pore fluid: GAS (Dry N2)
Non-PURE
PURE
Surging and Static underbalance do not
fail the Crushed Zone: Why ?
Reservoir • > 900 psi, > 0.1mD gas, > 5mD oil
Conditions • Has been used to reduce fracture breakdown pressures
1500
Initial underbalance = 1000 psi
1000
500 Test 4
Test 3
-500
-1000 Test 1
-1500
Test 2
-2000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time, sec
2500
2000
Initial overbalance = 500 psi
1500
1000
500 Test 9
0
-500 Test 8
-1000
-1500
Test 7
-2000
-2500
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time, sec
Two options:
Overbalance - required use of a packer.
Modest underbalance (400 psi) - required modification of gun system,
no packer
Fire guns
300
(bbl/day/psi)
200
100
0
A B C D E F G
Wells
A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution
PURE with Completion - SPE 86543
GunStack* system
Switch to PURE
Wireline perforating
60% improvement in
productivity
Combination of PURE, standard and PowerJet Omega used for re-perforating to adjust
production profile
PURE system used with CLEANPERF fluid loss and control pill
Multi-rate PLT data showed negative skin across both high and low perm zones
Typically overbalanced perforating results in high skin as mud and or fines are
pushed back into the perforations, blocking pore throats. The use of CLEANPERF
prevented this happening.
SPE 97649 Improved Heavy Oil Recovery from Thin Reservoirs Through Horizontal Well
Placement and Intelligent Perforating
SPE 101278 New Perforating Technique Improves Well Productivity and Operational
Efficiency
SPE 103070 Customized Reperforating With New Technologies For Optimal Field
Drainage and Productivity Enhancement: East Venezuela Applications
SPE 104099 Overbalanced Perforating Yields Negative Skin Values in Layered Reservoir
Concrete Evaluation in
concrete targets
Section 5
Procedure to Section 2
evaluate gun Evaluation in
Residue Rock
debris API rock targets
RP under stress
19B
Section 4
Section 3
Flow performance at Flow Temp Evaluation at
downhole conditions
maximum
temperature
Evidence
―Historical (going back at least to 1990)
―Recent (PowerJet Nova vs Omega 2906)
―Recent (PowerJet Omega 2006 vs. competitor charge)
Reasons
―Penetration theory
―Threshold target strength
Historical evidence
SPE 27424 (1990)
SPE 29332 (1994)
SPE 38141 (1997)
SPE 52203 (1999)
SPE 125020 (2009)
SPE 127920 (2010)
Penetration research
New model
New shaped charges
1950’s Today
More than 50 years
New facility opened 2004
Accelerated testing
started 2007
Over 630 tests conducted
in stressed rock
Most comprehensive study
ever
20
15 in. concrete
8 in. or 12.5 in. Berea?
18
10 in. Berea
14
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
API Section I Penetration (inches)
Model Output
(SPAN*, SPOT, GEM, etc)
3 3/8-in. gun
41.4 in. API concrete penetration
Sandstone formation, 6000 psi UCS
3500 psi reservoir pressure
5000 psi overburden
35.3
? 19.1
Actually
14.4
Remove Replace
(cost effective system)
New
(wider range of rock, stress
and shaped charges)
Industry Standard
(publically available model)
Combine
(UCS & stress into single function )
3 rock/stress combinations
(Ballistic Indicator Function, FBI)
Characterize charge
(Harvey et al)
12.1 in.
15.4 in.
Weak
Sandstone PowerJet Nova Trend
(2000 psi)
Strong
Sandstone
(10,000 psi)
Hark Rock
PowerJet Omega Trend (16,000 psi)
PFrac?
PowerJet Nova
PURE
12%
PowerJet Omega
Non-PURE
30%
Karakas & Tariq model
Kc/K = 0.8 for PURE*, 0.1 for non-PURE
8 in. of damage
Additional penetration increases
effective wellbore radius
More important for deep damage
More important for dirty perforations
Perfect combination is PURE & PowerJet Nova
*Mark of Schlumberger
APPLICATIONS
Damaged formations
Nova*
Omega*
Nova*
New Predictive Model of Penetration Depth for Oilwell Perforating Shaped Charges
― SPE 127920; Lafayette, LA, Feb 2010
Perforated Completion Optimization Using a New, Enhanced and Integrated Perforating Job Design Tool
― SPE 151800; Lafayette, LA, Feb 2012
Non SPE
― Penetration into Gas-Saturated Rock 2008 International Ballistics Symposium
― Penetration into Stressed Rock 2008 International Ballistics Symposium
― Penetration and Rock Mechanics 2007 U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposium
― Penetration and Rock Mechanics 2007 Hypervelocity Impact Symposium (2008 Int’l Jnl Imp. Eng)