001 - Perforating Gun Technology

Perforating Gun
Technology
Neil Sookram
Production & Perforating Domain Champion
Excellence
A StreamlinedinOrganisation
Executiondedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution
Smart Perforating
• Objectives
• Reservoir parameters
• Rock properties
• Completion details
• Gun & charge choice
• Technique choice
• Operational details
A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

Smart Perforating
Reservoir Completio Job
Descriptio n Design
n Design
Optimize
Execution
Gun Hardware
Deployme
nt
Treatment

Perforating Design
• Productivity depends on the near wellbore pressure drop:

− Drilling damage
− Completion fluid damage (killing the well)
− Perforating parameters (phasing, shot density etc)
− Perforation damage (crushed zone)
• Successful completion, stimulation, sand control and sand

prevention are strongly dependent on perforating parameters

Natural Completions
Formation Damage Long Intervals

• Deep Penetrating Charges • TCP, CT
Anisotropy • Completing W/O killing
• High Shot Density Deep/Hot Wells
• Phasing • Hi-temp explosives
Perforation Skin • Wireline
• Through-Tubing
• Underbalance
• TCP Hard Formations
• Through-Tubing • Deep penetrating Charges
• Completing W/O killing

Sand Control
Gravel Placement & Skin Reduction

• Area-Open-to-Flow (AOF)
• Shot Density and Charges giving Big Holes
• Phasing
• Reduction of Perforation Skin (UB/Surge)
Efficiency
• Single trip

Sand Prevention
Retain Structural Integrity

• Deep Penetrating Charges
• Optimum Phasing
• Limit Drawdown
• Orientation
Minimize sand transport
• High Shot Density
• Maximize Perf-to-Perf Spacing

Hydraulic Stimulation - Frac
Pressure Drop
• Perforation Casing Hole Size
• Interval Length
• Number of Shots
Tortuosity
• Phasing (180°, 60°, 120°)
• Orientation
• Micro Annulus or Multiple Fractures
• Deviation

Simulators
• Calculate downhole perforator performance.

• Calculate reservoir-to-sand face pressure drop.
• Calculate tubing and surface facility pressure drop.

Perforating Guns Options
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Big
Sa
Enerjet
Ze
Wi
Se
Lo
Fu
ü ü ü ü üü ü üü üü ü
Power
üüü üü ü
Spiral
ü üü ü
Pivot Gun
ü ü ü ü üü ü üü üüü ü
PURE Gun
ü ü ü ü üü ü üü ü üü ü
HSD Gun
ü ü ü üü ü
Casing Gun
ü üü ü ü
HEGS Gun
ü üü ü ü
HVO Gun

PURE

Underbalance Criteria
King’s et al (1985) SPE 14321
Crawford (1989) SPE 19749
Tariq (1990) SPE 20636
Behrmann (1993) SPE 26896
Behrmann (1995) SPE 30081
Walton (2001) SPE 71642

Single-shot Tests
• Single-shot perforation in
outcrop, reservoir core samples
• Core under downhole pressure
conditions, ability to monitor
perforation while flowing (and at
stress), gravel pack perforations
under field conditions
• Perforation, post-perf flow, sand
production monitoring, gravel
packing, post-GP flow

Perforating Rock Tests
Four single-shot pressure vessels

Polyaxial stress frame
 Full gun systems
 Large rock samples
14 PURE Perforating
9 October, 2008
Balanced Perforations - No Post-Shot Flow

3000 Psi Underbalanced - No Post-Shot Flow

Berea Block Test One, UB = 500 psi
PI = 0.07 bbl/d/psi

Berea Block Test Three, UB = 2000 psi
PI = 0.2 bbl/d/psi

Lessons from Block Underbalance Tests
Perforation damage greater than expected

(Results from using deeper penetrating shaped charges confirm this:
PowerJet and PowerJet Omega)
Very large static underbalance required to obtain clean
perforations
(Use Dynamic Underbalance—PURE)
Killing the well can be very damaging, so avoid this. However,
pills can be formulated to have minimum damage:
SPE 82203 & 94596

Lessons from Field - BP Data

What is PURE?
The PURE* Perforating System for Clean Perforations is a patented
system used to obtain clean perforations.
PURE system utilizes proprietary methods to control downhole well
dynamics and is a combination of perforating and completion design.
Schlumberger Propriety Rights Notice:

The PURE system is a propriety property of Schlumberger and is the subject of US Patent
No.:6,732,798 dated May 11th 2004 and other patents and patent applications
The PURE system may only be used pursuant to a contract agreed with Schlumberger and
must not be distributed or divulged to third parties, or duplicated in whole or in part, without
prior written permission by Schlumberger.
* Mark of Schlumberger

Time Sequence of Perforating Events
0 to 15 ms Birth of Jet
15 to 250 ms Creation Cavity in Rock
3,000 to 15,000 ms Initial Wellbore Response
250 to 100,000 ms Perforation Damage Removal
> 50,000 ms Response of Reservoir

Perforation Damage
Perforating is a high pressure process that

generates a cavity in rock.
The cavity consists of a damaged (low
permeability) zone about 0.25 to 0.5 in. thick
commonly called the crushed zone. This
zone is slightly weaker than the virgin rock.
The cavity is also full of crushed rock and
shaped charge debris.

Perforation Damage
Perforation damage affects well performance:

• Common “crushed” zone affects both production and injection
• Comminuted or residual debris within the perforation tunnel which affects injection
(SPE 31083)

Perforating Damage - Performance
Productivity Injectivity
Penetration, P
Reduced
Reduced permeability
Permeability crushed
crushed zone,
zone, KKc
c
Poor Poor
Sand debris
Debris
Dmg depth
Damaged zone, Kd Undamaged formation, K
Penetration, P
Good Poor
Sand debris
Debris
Dmg depth
Penetration, P
Good Good
Dmg depth

PURE Condition : Pr > Pw > Pg
Perforation & PURE Timescale With : Pg = Gun Pressure ( Atmospheric pressure before gun fired
Pw = Wellbore Hydrostatic Pressure ( Underbalance below
1 : Gun positioned on depth Pr = Reservoir pressure
Shape Charge Detonation Perforation Tunnel

PURE Condition : YES
Gun Pressure : Pg &
Pr > Pw > Pg
Pw > Pg Reservoir Pressure : Pr
Pressure
Pg Pw
Wellbore pressure : Pw
Formation
Schlumberger Private
damage
PURE Charge
Pr
Ceme Virgin
nt Reservoir : Pr,
K Pw
Casing
Shape Charge
Time ms
Comments :
• Pw is below Pr and corresponds to a
desired initial underbalance pressure
• Pg below Pw since Pg is at atmospheirc
pressure
Timing :
Perforation & PURE Timescale • 0-15 Microsecond – Birth of jet
• High jet tip velocity - 7,000 m/sec.
2 : Fire guns • Pressure in gun ( Pg) increases. Gun Swells

Gun Pressure : Pg & PURE Condition : NO
Pr > Pw < Pg
Pw < Pg Reservoir Pressure : Pr
Pressure
Pg Pw Wellbore pressure : Pw
Formation
damage
Pr
Ceme Virgin
nt Reservoir : Pr,
K Pw
Casing
Time ms
Comments :
• Gun Pressure Pg is building up inside the
Gun because of gas pressure generated
by explosive ( deto cord,shaped charge )
combustion.
• Gun starts to swell
Timing :
Perforation & PURE Timescale • 15-30 Microsecond – Jet interaction with fluid
• Jet creates a hole in gun body
3 : Gun pressure released • Free communication in between inner gun and Wellbore
fluid
Pr < Pw < Pg
Pressure
Formation
damage
Pr
Ceme Virgin
nt Reservoir : Pr,
K Pw
Casing
Time ms
Comments :
• High gas pressure generated by
explosives exits from gun and gas
expends creating a large spike in
pressure in the wellbore
Timing :
• 30-250 Microsecond – Creation of cavity in Rock
erforation & PURE Timescale • High impact pressure : 15 million psi
: Creation of perforation tunnel • Jet creates perforation tunnel and allow communication in
between reservoir and wellbore

Pr < Pw < Pg
Pressure
Virgin
Reservoir : Pr
Pr
Pw
Reduced
Permeability
Crushed Zone :
Kc Time ms
Comments :
• High impact jet on reservoir pulverizes formation
rock grains causing a change in the matrix rock that
results in a low-permeability crushed zone
immediately surrounding the perforation tunnels
Damaged Zone : and creating potential for migration of fine particles
• The process also leaves some residual charge
Kd debris inside the perforations.
• Gas fully expanded in wellbore
Timing :
• 300-500 Microsecond - End of penetration
erforation & PURE Timescale • 1-5 Millisecond – Initial response of wellbore fluid
: Wellbore fluid rushes in gun • Perforation tunnel and allow communication in between
reservoir and wellbore
Shape Charge Perforation Tunnel

& PURE Condition : NO
Detonation
Pr < Pw > Pg
Gun Pressure : Pg Reservoir Pressure : Pr
Pw > Pg Pressure
Pg Pw
Virgin
Reservoir : Pr
Loose sand
Pr
Pw
Reduced
Permeability
Crushed Zone : 0
Kc Time ms
Comments :
• Also the perforation process leaves a mixture of
crushed material in the tunnel (comminuted debris,
loose sands, charge debris) which can have a large
impact in injection efficiency
Damaged Zone : • The process also leaves some residual charge
Kd debris inside the perforations.
• The fluid in the wellbore begins to notice that it can
expand inside the gun
Timing :
• 5-10Millisecond – PURE Effect
erforation & PURE Timescale • First step : Tensile failure of crushed zone
: Dynamic underbalance occurs ( DUB)

& PURE Condition : YES
Detonation
Pr > Pw > Pg
Pw > Pg Pressure
Pg Pw
Virgin Reservoir :
Pr, K
Pr
Differential pressure
=
PURE DUB
0 10
Time ms
Comments :
• Tensile failure is caused by exposure to the high
differential pressure between reservoir and
wellbore. When the peak strength of the flow
exceeds the strength of the rock damaged by
perforating, tensile failure will cause the weakened
rock to be removed
Timing :
• 10-50 Millisecond – PURE Effect
Perforation & PURE Timescale • Second Step : Crushed zone removed from perforation
7 : Transport of failed material tunnel
• Perforation tunnel cleaned up

& PURE Condition : YES
Detonation
Pr > Pw
Pw = Pg Pressure
Pg Pw
Virgin
Reservoir : Pr,
K
Pr
Flow
period
0 10 20 30 40 50
Comments : Time ms
• Fines and perforation debris are removed from the
perforation tunnel by the subsequent flow into the
wellbore caused by the dynamic underbalance
Timing :
• 50 Millisecond – Reservoir reaction
Perforation & PURE Timescale • Clean perforation tunnel
8 : Reservoir response

& PURE Condition : NO
Detonation
Pr > Pw
Pw = Pg Pressure
Pg Pw
Virgin
Reservoir : Pr,
K
Pr
Well
flows
0 10 20 30 40 50
Comments : Time ms
• After perforating and PURE events ,perforation
tunnels are free of damages .
• Reservoir is flowing with increased permeability
around perforation tunnel and thus enhanced well
productivity.
Conventional vs. Dynamic Underbalance
Conventional Underbalance (example): Dynamic Underbalance (example):
BHP before perf. = 1000 psi UB BHP before perf. = 1500 psi OB
Instantaneous UB = No (< 0.1 sec) Instantaneous UB = 2500 psi
Max UB < 500 psi (variable) Max UB = 2500 psi
Kc/K = 0.047 -> PR < 70% Kc/K = 1 -> PR = 100%

Non-PURE
PURE
Pore fluid: GAS (Dry N2)
Pore fluid: LIQUID (brine)
Non-PURE
PURE
Surging and Static underbalance do not
fail the Crushed Zone: Why ?

Sound speed in air-liquid mixture

Smoothing of the shock

Surging

Surging

Static Underbalance

PURE Dynamic Underbalance

Guidelines for PURE Candidates
Reservoir • > 900 psi, > 0.1mD gas, > 5mD oil
Conditions • Has been used to reduce fracture breakdown pressures
Wellbore Fluid • Ideally liquid around the guns
Conveyance • Initial static underbalance/on balance (open system)

(SL, WL, CT, TCP, PCP) – Any conveyor
• Initial static overbalance (closed system)
– TCP or PCP below a packer closed chamber
– Long horizontal well
– CleanPerf or PUREPill

PURE Jobs
About 1200 wells through February 2009

– Two-thirds wireline, the rest TCP, CT and PCP
– 2-in. to 7-in. guns
Oil and gas producers, injectors

– Permeabilities ranging from 0.07-mD gas to 8-D oil
– ~85 % producers, ~15 % injectors
Sandstones and Carbonates

World-wide applications

PURE Job Types
PURE open systems

PURE closed systems
PURE with completions
PURE in acid
PURE before acid
PURE before fracture
PURE post perforating
PURE with CleanPerf pill
PURE with PURE pill
PURE multiple shoot
PURE in gas wells

Achieving PURE Perforating
Uses special hollow carrier guns.

(Flow area into the guns governs rate of underbalance.)
Requires liquid around guns.
(Change in volume of a relatively incompressible fluid creates very
large change in pressure.)
Volume, explosive load, completion and wellbore pressure
are manipulated to create the right conditions for PURE
perforating.
Proprietary software used for the design.

Experimental Work - SPE 71642
Tests conducted in Berea SS with 2 7/8-in. PowerJet 2906 charge
Penetration about the same on all tests
4 tests conducted with 1000 psi underbalance
3 tests conducted with 500 psi overbalance
Wellbore conditions and reservoir pressures vary

Choose The Best Perforation
All tests at 1000 psi underbalance
Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4

CFE = 0.70 CFE = 0.69 CFE = 0.61 CFE = 0.21
Kc/K=0.307 Kc/K=0.304 Kc/K=0.235 Kc/K=0.049

Perforation Dynamics
2000
1500
Initial underbalance = 1000 psi
1000
Differential Pressure, psi
500 Test 4
Test 3
-500
-1000 Test 1
-1500
Test 2
-2000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time, sec

Choose The Best Perforation
Tests shot at 500 psi overbalance
Test 7 Test 8 Test 9

CFE = 0.92 CFE = 0.24 CFE = 0.41
Kc/K=0.79 Kc/K=0.09 Kc/K=0.19

Perforation Dynamics
2500
2000
Initial overbalance = 500 psi
1500
Differential Pressure, psi
1000
500 Test 9
0
-500 Test 8
-1000
-1500
Test 7
-2000
-2500
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time, sec

PURE Open System - SPE 77364
Two options:
 Overbalance - required use of a packer.
 Modest underbalance (400 psi) - required modification of gun system,
no packer
Option two chosen
Results, six horizontal wells:

 Zero skins, eliminated $150K acid jobs on four wells
― Operational issues on one well, no improvement after acidizing on the other well

PURE Closed System & CLEANPERF - SPE
84910
Norway Oil Producer: shoot & pull
4 1/2-in. OrientXact guns with PowerJet Plus
Hydrostatic pressure provides overbalance greater than gun pressure
Hydrostatic controlled after perforating by flow-restrictor

84910
Sting string into seal bore
Fire guns
Dynamic underbalance created
Hydrostatic controlled after

perforating by flow-restrictor
More recent wells use fluid loss

and control pill (SPE 94596)

84910
Old Guns New Perforating System
400
Productivity Index
300
(bbl/day/psi)
200
100
0
A B C D E F G
Wells

PURE with Completion - SPE 86543
Anadarko Brady field, USA

Tight gas (0.5 to 1.5 mD)
Reservoir pressure 2300 to 2800 psi
Typical skins before acid plus 20 Sliding
sleeve
Zero skin would give 3.85 MMscf/D Firing
head
SXPV
Completion perforated with SXPV automatic valve
Rathole pressure 6050 psi PURE
guns
Tubing pressure swabbed to 450 psi
Results 5.2 MMscf/D, negative skin

PURE Closed System - SPE 93638
UK oil producer: DST shoot & pull

922 ft net of 3 3/8-in. HSD guns with PowerJet.
2200 ft gross with Dynamic Underbalance Chambers (DUC)
Sequence
 Set packer
 Pressure up to shear out HDF firing head
 Bleed back pressure to calculated Dynamic Underbalance Pressure
 Close IRDV tester valve
 Wait for guns to fire

Case History - SPE 93638

PURE Closed System - SPE 93638
5000 psi underbalance
Formation sand recovered from

guns
Well came in at over 9500 BOPD

and settled down to 7500 BOPD
-expected 5000 BOPD
5 more wells perforated with PURE
eFire data shows details

Total’s Tunu field Kalimantan
SPE 72134 Extreme

Underbalanced Perforating
GunStack* system
Results in 15% improvement in

productivity

Switch to PURE
Wireline perforating
60% improvement in
productivity

Combination of PURE, standard and PowerJet Omega used for re-perforating to adjust
production profile
Total skin reduced from 36 to 3.1
Vertical flow efficiency increased from 19 to 80%—optimizing drainage

PURE with CLEANPERF - SPE 104099
Overbalanced Wireline conveyed perforating—China
PURE system used with CLEANPERF fluid loss and control pill
Multi-rate PLT data showed negative skin across both high and low perm zones
Typically overbalanced perforating results in high skin as mud and or fines are
pushed back into the perforations, blocking pore throats. The use of CLEANPERF
prevented this happening.
The combination of CLEANPERF and wireline perforating proved to be a cost

effect way of perforating these wells in China
Wells are brought on production by ESP

Post Perforating PURE
Low pressure reservoir and/or through tubing

Maximum shot density & deep penetration
Post Perforating PURE provides secondary clean
up
Require liquid around guns for second trip
Jobs:
― Indonesia low pressure gas wells
― Venezuala low pressure oil wells
― Libya clean up and scale removal

PURE in gas
Low pressure gas reservoir

First run with static underbalance:
2 7/8-in. gun with PowerJet Omega
loaded at 1.6 spf
Second run on balance (1.6 spf)

660 psi DUB achieved on second
run
No flow between runs

Best producer in field, previous
wells shot with 4 ½-in. TCP guns

SPE Papers -1
SPE 71642 Laboratory Experiments Provide New Insights into Underbalanced Perforating
SPE 77364 New Underbalanced Perforating Technique Increases Completion Efficiency

and Eliminates Costly Acid Stimulation
SPE 82203 Overbalanced Perforating –Is Really Sinful?
SPE 84910 A Step Change in Perforating Technology Improves Productivity of Horizontal

Wells in the North Sea
SPE 86543 Permanent Completion in Low Permeability Depleted Gas Reservoir
SPE 93638 Dynamic Underbalance Perforating in a Mature North Sea Field
SPE 94596 Recommended Practice for Overbalanced Perforating in Long Horizontal

Wells

SPE Papers - 2
SPE 95859 Perforating for Zero Skin: A Study of Productivity Improvement in Ecuador
SPE 97363 Dynamic Underbalance Perforating Increases Productivity and Reduces

Cost in East Kalimantan Gas Field: A Case Study
SPE 97649 Improved Heavy Oil Recovery from Thin Reservoirs Through Horizontal Well
Placement and Intelligent Perforating
SPE 98220 Perforation Damage Removal by Underbalance Surge Flow
SPE 101278 New Perforating Technique Improves Well Productivity and Operational
Efficiency
SPE 103070 Customized Reperforating With New Technologies For Optimal Field Drainage
and Productivity Enhancement: East Venezuela Applications
SPE 104099 Overbalanced Perforating Yields Negative Skin Values in Layered Reservoir

SPE Papers - 3
SPE 105022 Effective Matrix Acidizing in Carbonate ReservoirsDoes Perforating
Matter?
SPE 108167 Overcoming Environmental Challenges using Dynamic Underbalance
Perforating
SPE 112488 Dynamic Underbalance Perforating Application Increases
Productivity in the MatureHigh-Permeability Gas Reservoirs of Santa Ana Field
Venezuela
OTC 19242 An Evaluation of Perforating Techniques and Use of Cesium Formate
Kill Pills to Maximise Productivity in HPHT Gas Wells and Minimise HSE Risk

PowerJet NOVA

API RP 19B: Recommended Practices For Evaluation Of Well
Perforators
Section 1
Evaluation in
Concrete
concrete targets
Section 5
Procedure to Section 2
evaluate gun Evaluation in
debris Residue Rock
API rock targets
RP under stress
19B
Section 4
Section 3
Flow performance at
Flow Temp Evaluation at
downhole conditions
maximum
temperature

Outline
Concrete penetration does NOT always correlate with Rock penetration
 Evidence
― Historical (going back at least to 1990)
― Recent (PowerJet Nova vs Omega 2906)
― Recent (PowerJet Omega 2006 vs. competitor charge)
 Reasons
― Penetration theory
― Threshold target strength
 Coupled Research with product development

Rock = Concrete
Historical evidence
 SPE 27424 (1990)
 SPE 29332 (1994)
 SPE 38141 (1997)
 SPE 52203 (1999)
 SPE 125020 (2009)
 SPE 127920 (2010)

A New Direction for Perforating
 Penetration research
 New model
 New shaped charges

Penetration model - Research
1950’s Today
 More than 50 years
 New facility opened 2004
 Accelerated testing
started 2007
 Over 630 tests conducted
in stressed rock
 Most comprehensive study
ever
81 A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

PowerJet Nova launch – September 7th 2010
New penetration model - SPE 127920
 Weak to strong rocks tested

 Largest ever range of stresses:
1000 to 20,000 psi (~70 to 1,400 bar)
 Different families of charges used
 First tests of capsule charges
 Range of rock types

Example - PowerJet Omega* 3506
*Mark of Schlumberger FBI is combination of UCS and effective stress

A Move Towards Concrete in 1994 - SPE
27424
“Simple method predicts downhole shaped charge gun performance”
22
API RP43 4th edition Section 2 Berea penetration (in.)
20
15 in. concrete
8 in. or 12.5 in. Berea?
18
Correct fit of data?

16
10 in. Berea
14
10.5 in. or 18 in. concrete?

12
10
8
6
4
Line represents the average of the

section 2 / section 1 ratios.
2
Average ratio = 0.692

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
API RP43 4th edition Section 1 concrete penetration (in.)

API Concrete Performance
API Section 1 data

(Still important system test)
API 19B 59.1 in.
API 19B 46.3 in.
API 43 54.1 in.
API 43 47.3
in.
API 43 34.6 in.
25.0
in.
Limit of SPE 27424 data

Typical Penetration Work Flow - SPE 125020
Section 1 concrete Other rocks

(Thompson, Weeks, etc)
7000 psi Berea
Model Output
(SPAN*, SPOT, GEM, etc)
Casing, Fluid Effective stress

(Saucier, Weeks, Behrmann), etc
(Saucier, Regalbutto, etc)
*Mark of Schlumberger

Base case test of models - SPE 125020
 3 3/8-in. gun
 41.4 in. API concrete penetration
 Sandstone formation, 6000 psi UCS
 3500 psi reservoir pressure
 5000 psi overburden

Penetration Results - SPE 125020
l ts
su
35.3
re
o d els —5
? 19.1
Actually
14.4
5 m

Conclusions - SPE 125020
 SPE 27424 changed focus to concrete performance away from Berea

 Link between Berea and concrete may not be linear
 Link between Berea and other rocks may not be linear
 Data limited to concrete penetrations less than 30-in.
 Concrete target changed in 2001
 Penetration estimates from models vary wildly & all are optimistic

What to Change - SPE 127920
Remove Replace
(cost effective system)
New
(wider range of rock, stress
and shaped charges)
Industry Standard
(publically available model)
Combine
(UCS & stress into single function )

New Penetration Work Flow - SPE 127920
New section 2 rock test
3 rock/stress combinations c
o F)k
to r
(Ballistic Indicator Function,
BI
Characterize charge
l in k (Harvey et al)
e c t
New SPAN v9.0 Di r
Casing, Fluid New penetration model

(Saucier, Regalbutto, etc) (Harvey et al)

Rock optimized design - SPE 125020

Introducing the Nova Family
 Focus on two distinct areas of perforating
 Increased productivity in natural completions

PowerJet Nova
 Better fracture treatment by lowering break-down
and treating pressures
PFrac Nova

PowerJet Nova 2906
12.1 in.
15.4 in.

PowerJet Nova - Natural Completions
 PowerJet Omega 2906 shoots 12.1 in.
 PowerJet Nova 2906 shoots 15.4 in.
 Additional formation contact ~50%

Rock Tests Results for PowerJet Nova 2906
Weak
Sandstone PowerJet Nova Trend
(2000 psi)
Strong
Sandstone
(10,000 psi)
Hark Rock
PowerJet Omega Trend (16,000 psi)
PFrac?

Productivity from SPAN
PowerJet Nova
PURE
12%
PowerJet Omega
Non-PURE
30%
 Karakas & Tariq model
 Kc/K = 0.8 for PURE*, 0.1 for non-PURE
 8 in. of damage
 Additional penetration increases
effective wellbore radius
 More important for deep damage
 More important for dirty perforations
 Perfect combination is PURE & PowerJet Nova
*Mark of Schlumberger

PowerJet Nova - Specifications
APPLICATIONS
 Production or injection wells
 Damaged formations
 Formations requiring reservoir stimulation
 All stressed rocks
 All phases (oil, water, gas)

Rock = Concrete
Evidence (2906 PowerJet Nova vs Omega)
*
*
Omega*
Nova*
Omega*
Nova*
PowerJet Nova* vs. PowerJet Omega* 2906

Rock = Concrete
Further evidence (2006 PowerJet Omega vs. Titan 2” charge)
PowerJet Omega 2006 vs. Titan 2”

References
New Effective Stress Law for Predicting Perforation Depth at Downhole Conditions
― SPE 111778; Lafayette, LA, Feb 2008
A Survey of Industry Models for Perforator Performance: Suggestions for Improvements

― SPE 125020; New Orleans, LA, Oct 2009
New Predictive Model of Penetration Depth for Oilwell Perforating Shaped Charges
 Shaped Charge Penetration into Stressed Rock – Experiments and Modeling

― ARMA 10-305; Salt Lake City, UT, June 2010
Stressed Rock Penetration Depth Correlation

Perforated Completion Optimization Using a New, Enhanced and Integrated Perforating Job Design Tool
Extreme Hard Rock Perforating; Penetration Challenges and Limits

― IPS 12-04; The Woodlands, TX, June 2012
Ultrastrong Formations: Perforating Challenges, Limits, and Optimization

― SPE159771; San Antonio, TX, Oct 2012

Additional References
SPE
― Charge Optimization SPE 52203, 1999, Oklahoma City
― Charge Optimization SPE 38141, 1997, The Hague

― Charge Optimization SPE 29332, 1994, SPE Production & Facilities
Non SPE
― Penetration into Gas-Saturated Rock 2008 International Ballistics Symposium
― Penetration into Stressed Rock 2008 International Ballistics Symposium
― Penetration and Rock Mechanics 2007 U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposium
― Penetration and Rock Mechanics 2007 Hypervelocity Impact Symposium (2008 Int’l Jnl Imp. Eng)

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001 - Perforating Gun Technology

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Perforating Gun

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

• Productivity depends on the near wellbore pressure drop:

• Successful completion, stimulation, sand control and sand

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

Formation Damage Long Intervals

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

Gravel Placement & Skin Reduction

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

Retain Structural Integrity

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

• Calculate downhole perforator performance.

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

King’s et al (1985) SPE 14321

Crawford (1989) SPE 19749

Tariq (1990) SPE 20636

Behrmann (1993) SPE 26896

Behrmann (1995) SPE 30081

Walton (2001) SPE 71642

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

Four single-shot pressure vessels

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

Perforation damage greater than expected

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

Schlumberger Propriety Rights Notice:

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

Perforating is a high pressure process that

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

Perforation damage affects well performance:

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

Shape Charge Detonation Perforation Tunnel

Shape Charge Detonation Perforation Tunnel

Shape Charge Detonation Perforation Tunnel

Shape Charge Perforation Tunnel

Shape Charge Perforation Tunnel

Shape Charge Perforation Tunnel

Shape Charge Perforation Tunnel

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

Pore fluid: LIQUID (brine)

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

Wellbore Fluid • Ideally liquid around the guns

Conveyance • Initial static underbalance/on balance (open system)

A Streamlined Organization dedicated to Technology and Excellence in Execution

About 1200 wells through February 2009

Oil and gas producers, injectors

Sandstones and Carbonates