DIENCEPHALON

PRESENTED BY:
•FAIZA IMTIAZ
•HAMNA KHAN
•HIRA ZAKI
•RAMSHA ANIS
• ABDUS SAMI
•HIRA SHAH
•MAHA SHAH
•AQSA SANAULLAH
•RUTABA REHAN
•ZUNAIRA NASEER
•HAFSA HAFEEZ
THE FOREBRAIN AND DIENCEPHALON
• The forebrain is the portion of our brain that controls everything from
voluntary movement and the integration of sensory information to all our
higher abstract thoughts.
•The most obvious structure of the forebrain is the cerebrum.

DIENCEPHALON
•The diencephalon is one of the three major parts of the forebrain.
•It is located between the cerebral cortex and brainstem, it is a paired
structure subdivided into the thalamus, ventral thalamus, hypothalamus,
and epithalamus.
•Several structures of the diencephalon work together and with other body
parts to affect the following bodily functions: Motor function control and
Homeostasis etc.
 EPITHALAMUS
• Posterior segment of diencephalon
• include pinneal gland, stria Medullaris, habenulla
and Habenullar Commisssures
• Functionally it connects limbic system to other
part of brain
PINNEAL GLAND
• human pineal gland located behind third cerebral
ventricle in midline of brain.
• pineal gland contains mainly pinealocytes, which
are cells that produce hormone melatonin, and
glial cells, which are a particular type of brain cells
that support neurons.
STRIA MEDULLARIS
• Fibre bundle containing afferent fibres from septal
nuclei,lateral preoptic hypothalamic region and
anterior thalamic nuclei to habenula
 EPITHALAMUS
Habenulla
• pair of small nuclei above thalamus at
its posterior end and Divided in Medial
habenula(MHB) and lateral
habenula(LHB)
• Involved in motivational control of
behaviour and emotive decision
making and controling motor and
cognitive behaviour
HABENULLAR COMMISSURES
• Band of nerves situated in front
of pinneal glands
 Structure of the Thalamus
•The thalamus is divided along the anterior to posterior axis (front to back) by a thin strip of
myelinated fibers called the Internal Medullary Lamina (IML
• At the anterior end, the Internal Medullary Lamina splits into two “branches.” The area in
between those branches is called the Anterior nucleus (A). At the posterior end of the thalamus
we find the Pulvinar nucleus
•Under the pulvinar you will find two small nuclei: the Lateral Geniculate body, and behind it lies
the Medial Geniculate body.
•The Internal Medullary Lamina also serves to divide the thalamus into a medial part (closer to
the center of the brain) and a lateral part.
•At the front we have the anterior nucleus.
 THALAMUS
• forms the largest part of diencephalon
• Above the brain stem between the
cerebral cortex and the midbrain nd
encloses the shallow third ventricle of
brain.
• Relay stationn for sensory impulses
passing upward to the sensory cortex.
FUNCTION
• It receives sensory signals and sends
them to associated cortical area.
• It play role in regulating sleep,
wakefulness and consciousness and
Ventroanterior and the ventrolateral
nuclei are involved in the performance
of voluntary movements.
 HYPOTHALAMUS
 ANATOMY AND FUNCTIONS

3 REGIONS
ANTERIOR REGION
MIDDLE REGION
POSTERIOR REGION
 ANTERIOR REGION
o Also called supraoptic region
o Mainly concerned with the secretion of various hormones

• Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) – Adrenocortitropic hormone

• Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) - Thyroid -stimulating hormone
• Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) – FSH & LH
• Oxytocin
• Vasopressin- Antidiuretic hormone(ADH)
• Somatostatin
• Melanocyte-stimulating hormone(MSH)
 MIDDLE REGION
Also called the Tuberal region.
Major nuclei are the Ventromedial and Arcuate nuclei.
Ventromedial nucleus:
Control appetite, fear, and sexual activity
Arcuate nucleus:
Secretes growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH).

POSTERIOR REGION
Also called the Mammillary region.
 The posterior hypothalamic and mammillary nuclei are main nuclei.
Posterior hypothalamic nucleus:
Helps elevate blood pressure, pupillary dilation and regulate body
temperature.
Mammillary nuclei:
it’s involved in memory function.
 METATHALAMUS
• Medial geniculate body
 Relay station for hearing.
 Receives fibers from inferior
colliculus.
 Projects to the auditory area.

• Lateral geniculate body

 Relay station for vision.
 Receives fibers from optic tract.
 Projects to visual area.
 HYPOTHALAMIC DYSFUCTIONS
SYMPTOMS FOR HYPOTHALAMIC DISORDERS
• Missing hormones or brain signals
• In children, growth problems OR puberty issues

TUMOR
 Symptoms
• Headache or loss of vision
 Causes
• Permanent blindness, problems related to the brain, problems controlling salt and
water disbalance
 Treatment
• Surgery or radiation

HYPOTHYROIDISM
 Symptoms
• Feeling cold, constipation, fatigue, weight gain
 Causes
• Heart problems, high cholesterol
 ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY
 Symptoms
• Fatigue, weakness, poor appetite, weight loss, lack of interests
 Causes
• Inability to deal with stress

SEX GLAND DEFICIENCY

 Causes
• Heart disease, erection problems, infertility, thin bones(osteoprosis),
problem in breast feeding

GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY

 Causes
• High cholesterol. Osteoporosis, short stature(in children), weakness
TREATMENT FOR HORMONAL DEFICIENCY
• missing hormones need to be replaced by taking medicines
 DIENCEPHALIC SYNDROME
SYNONYMS OF DIENCEPHALIC SYNDROM
It may also known as :
• Diencephalic syndrome of childhood,Diencephalic
syndrome of emaciation,Paramedian diencephalic
syndrome
• Russell’s diencephalic syndrome
• First describe in 1951 by Dr. Russell .
• Caused by tumor and Cause of tumor is unknown
SYMPTOMS & SIGNS:
• In infancy or childhood cause failure to gain weight and
weight loss and Affected children usually mental alert,
overactive
• It may cause severe even life threatening
complications
• Nystagmus can be seen in affected children

• ADDITIONAL SYMPTOMS:
Hypoglycemia,Hyperhydrosis,Hypertension and
Large hands and feets
CURE:
Surgery,Radiation,Chemotherapy and Removal of
tumor as much as possible
 Thalamic Syndrome
 Thalamic Syndrome is an uncommon neurological condition
that results from a brain stroke.
 Bleeding or blood clot in the blood vessels of the thalamus
can result in stroke, which is the main cause of Thalamic
Syndrome.
 When there is a damage to the thalamus, there is an altered
response to the sensations received by it.
 Effects can include loss of sensation, strength and control of
movement of the body, memory loss, language deficits, and a
loss of the ability to remember faces.
 Symptoms Of Thalmic syndrome:
• Pain may be exaggerated
• hot and cold temperatures can trigger
• Weakness or paralysis of the affected limbs
• Loss of position sense

DIAGNOSIS:
• CT scan of the head and neck
• MRI of the brain
• Angiogram of the brain
• Medical history assesment
• A thorough pexamination and assessment of symptomshysical
Cure
• Physical therapy
• Administration of opioids: Although effective,
the relief lasts only for 4-24hrs; as a result, they
pose a high risk for addiction
• Tricyclic antidepressants and selective
serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)
antidepressants are effective for short
durations
• Topical local anaesthetic patches