“Grace in women has more effect than beauty”

Our Team

SYED SAAD ALI

EP1846037

MUDDASSIR ISHAQ

EP124617
Breast
Cancer In
Females
 WHY BREAST CANCER?
• Second most common cancer worldwide
• Increasingly spreading in our country
• General awareness
• Women should feel free to discuss it
• Most common cancer in women
 History
• In 460 B.C., Hippocrates, the father of Western Medicine, described breast cancer as a humoral
disease. He postulated that the body consisted of four humors - blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and
black bile. He suggested that cancer was caused by the excess of black bile.
• Thereafter in A.D. 200, Galen described the cancer as well. He also suggested excessive black bile
but, unlike Hippocrates, he postulated that some tumors were more dangerous than others.
• Until the 17th century Galen’s theories on breast cancer were believed. In 1680, French physician
Francois de la Boe Sylvius began to challenge the humoral theory of cancer. He hypothesized that
cancer did not come from an excess of black bile. He suggested it came from a chemical process
• The first mention of cancer of any kind was a case of breast cancer documented in Egypt around
1600 BC. The Edwin Smith Papyrus, an ancient text found in 1860 in an Egyptian tomb, described
eight cases of tumors or ulcers of the breast. The first doctors attempting to treat breast cancer
wrote of the mysterious disease: “There is no treatment!”
 What is Cancer?
• A term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and can invade
nearby tissues.

How is cancer lethal to humans?

• Cancer cells use up the nutrients and other regulatory
factors which are essential for our normal cells. Thus
causing the deficiency of nutrients for the normal cells
What is breast cancer?
Breast cancer is cancer that develops
from breast tissues.
 BREAST CANCER IN PAKISTAN?

• In year 2012, According to an article related to cancer prevalence in Pakistan, the most
prevalent cancers in Pakistan include breast cancer (n = 34038, 23%)

• In year 2019, According to the Nation’s Report “In Asia, Pakistan has the largest rate of
breast cancer. It is the second leading cause of death among women. An estimated 83,000
cases are being annually reported in our country, and over 40,000 deaths are caused by it,
which is alarming. 1 in every 9 Pakistani women develops breast cancer at some stage of
her life”.
Anatomy of normal breast and cancerous breast
Types of breast cancer

BRC1 and BRC2 mutations

Genetic aspect of breast cancer

• About 5% to 10% of breast cancers are thought to be hereditary,

caused by abnormal genes passed from parent to child.
• Most inherited cases of breast cancer are associated with mutations
in two genes: BRCA1 (Breast Cancer gene one) and BRCA2 (Breast
Cancer gene two).
• These mutations account for up to 90% of the total genetic influence
with a risk of breast cancer of 60–80% in those affected
• Other significant mutations include p53 (Li–Fraumeni
syndrome), PTEN (Cowden syndrome), and STK11 (Perutz–Jeghers
syndrome), CHEK2, ATM, BRIP1, and PALB2.
• In 2012, researchers said that there are four genetically distinct types
of the breast cancer and that in each type, hallmark genetic changes
lead to many cancers.
 Risk factors which we can control

• Weight
• Alcohol consumption
• Stress and anxiety
• Smoking
• Balanced diet (use of low fat foods)
 Risk factors which we can not control

• Gender
• Age
• Family history:
• Pregnancy and breast feeding
• Diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure
• Radiation
 Sign and symptoms
The most common symptom of breast cancer is a new lump or mass. A
painless, hard mass that has irregular edges is more likely to be cancer,
but breast cancers can be tender, soft, or round. They can even be
painful. For this reason, it's important to have any new breast mass,
lump, or breast change checked by an experienced health care
professional.

Swelling of all or part of a

breast (even if no lump is felt) Nipple retraction (turning
inward)

Skin dimpling (sometimes

looking like an orange peel) Breast or nipple pain

Nipple or breast skin that is

red, dry, flaking or thickened Nipple discharge (other than
breast milk)
 Diagnosis
BREAST BIOPSY
MAMMOGRAPHY
Mammography (also called mastography) is the A breast biopsy is usually done after a suspicious lesion is
process of using low-energy X-rays (usually around discovered on either Mammography or ultrasound in
30 KVP) to examine the human breast for diagnosis order to get tissue for pathological diagnosis.
and screening.
 Treatment

Medication

There are currently three main groups of medications used for adjuvant breast cancer
treatment: hormone-blocking agents, chemotherapy, and monoclonal antibodies.
• Hormonal therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Monoclonal antibodies
 Treatment
Radiation
Radiotherapy is given after surgery to the region of the
tumor bed and regional lymph nodes, to destroy
microscopic tumor cells that may have escaped surgery.
Surgery
Surgery involves the physical removal of the tumor,
typically along with some of the surrounding tissue.
One or more lymph nodes may be biopsied during
the surgery; increasingly the lymph node sampling is
performed by a sentinel lymph node biopsy.
Standard surgeries include:
• Mastectomy: Removal of the whole breast.
• Quadrantectomy: Removal of one-quarter of the
breast.
• Lumpectomy: Removal of a small part of the
breast.
Get Tested Sooner
 References
● https://www.jpma.org.pk/article-details/8958\
● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer
● https://nation.com.pk/19-Mar-2019/breast-cancer-growing-at-alarming-
rate-in-Pakistan\
● https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2331205X.2017.1288773
● http://onlinebreastcancertreatment.blogspot.com/2012/04/types-of-
breast-cancer-health-fitness.html\
● https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322832.php
● https://www.breastcancer.org/symptoms/understand_bc/risk/factors
● https://www.news-medical.net/health/History-of-Breast-Cancer.aspx
 Does anyone have any
questions?

Thanks!

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