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Check force on
Acoustic trans.,
Energy needed
evaluation
to open door
characteristics
level ground
x = Us
resistance
Door seal
A = Comp. A
window
B = Comp. B
Customer (5 is best)
requirements 1 2 3 4 5
Easy to close 7 x AB
Stays open on a hill 5 x AB
Easy to open 3 x AB
Doesn’t leak in rain 3 A xB
No road noise 2 x A B
Importance weighting 10 6 6 9 2 3 Relationships:
Strong = 9
Reduce energy
Reduce force Medium = 3
current level
Target values
to 7.5 ft/lb
Small = 1
Maintain
to 9 lb.
Quality 4
Introduction to quality control charts
Definitions
• Variables Measurements on a continuous scale, such as length or
weight
• Attributes Integer counts of quality characteristics, such as nbr. good or
bad
• Defect A single non-conforming quality characteristic, such as a
blemish
• Defective A physical unit that contains one or more defects
Normal
99.74% Process mean tolerance
of
process
Lower control limit
0.13%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Sample number
Quality 6
Reference guide to control factors
n A A2 D3 D4 d2 d3
2 2.121 1.880 0 3.267 1.128 0.853
3 1.732 1.023 0 2.574 1.693 0.888
4 1.500 0.729 0 2.282 2.059 0.880
5 1.342 0.577 0 2.114 2.316 0.864
Quality 7
Reference guide to control factors
(cont.)
• Note that control factors depend on the sample size n.
A = 3 / n1/2
D2 = d2 + 3d3
D1 = d2 – 3d3, unless the result is negative, then D1 = 0
Quality 8
Process capability analysis
1. Compute the mean of sample means ( X ).
Quality 9
Process capability analysis (cont.)
6. Compute capability indices:
Process capability potential
Cp = (USL – LSL) / 6σx
Quality 10
Mean-Range control chart
MR-CHART
1. Compute the mean of sample means ( X ).
Quality 11
Control chart for percentage defective
in a sample — P-CHART
1. Compute the mean percentage defective ( P ) for all samples:
P = Total nbr. of units defective / Total nbr. of units sampled
Quality 14
Control chart for number of defects
per unit — C/U-CHART
1. Compute the mean nbr. of defects per unit ( C ) for all samples:
C = Total nbr. of defects observed / Total nbr. of units sampled
Notes:
● If the sample size is constant, the chart is a C-CHART.
● If the sample size varies, the chart is a U-CHART.
● Computations are the same in either case.
Quality 15
Seasonal adjustment of quality
observations
1. Compute a 4-quarter or 12-month moving average. Position the first
average as follows:
a. Quarterly: Place the first average opposite the 3rd quarter. The first
2 quarters and the last quarter have no moving average.
b. Monthly: Place the first average opposite the 7th month. The first 6
months and the last 5 months have no moving average.
4. Compute a normalization factor to adjust the mean ratios so that they sum
to 4 (quarterly) or 12 (monthly):
a. Quarterly: Normalization factor = 4 / Sum of mean ratios
b. Monthly: Normalization factor = 12 / Sum of mean ratios
Quality 16
Seasonal adjustment of quality
observations (cont.)
5. Multiply each mean ratio by the normalization factor to get a set
of final seasonal indices. Each quarter or month has an
individual index.
Quality 17
Seasonal adjustment illustrated: 3 years
of quarterly sales of Wolfpack Red Soda
Step 1. Moving averages
t Qtr. Xt 4-Qtr. moving average
1 1 53 NA
2 2 83 NA
3 3 95 (53 + 83 + 95 + 72) / 4 = 75.75
4 4 72 (83 + 95 + 72 + 50) / 4 = 75.00
50 / 73.00 = 0.6849
75 / 74.75 = 1.0033
102 / 73.25 = 1.3925
66 / 74.50 = 0.8859
55 / 76.00 = 0.7237
81 / 73.75 = 1.0983
93 / 76.25 = 1.2197
NA
Quality 19
Seasonal adjustment illustrated: 3 years
of quarterly sales of Wolfpack Red Soda
Step 3. Mean ratios
Qtr. Sum of ratios for each qtr. / Nbr.
1 (0.6849 + 0.7237) / 2 = 0.7043
2 (1.0033 + 1.0983) / 2 = 1.0508
3 (1.2542 + 1.3925 + 1.2197) / 3 = 1.2888
4 (0.9600 + 0.8859) / 2 = 0.9230
Quality 20
Seasonal adjustment illustrated: 3 years
of quarterly sales of Wolfpack Red Soda
Step 5. Final seasonal indices
Qtr. Mean ratio x Factor = Index
1 0.7043 x 1.0083 = 0.7101
2 1.0508 x 1.0083 = 1.0595
3 1.2888 x 1.0083 = 1.2995
4 0.9230 x 1.0083 = 0.9307
Quality 21
Seasonal adjustment illustrated: 3 years
of quarterly sales of Wolfpack Red Soda
Step 6. Deseasonalize data
t Qtr. Xt / Index = Des. Xt
1 1 53 / 0.7101 = 74.6
2 2 83 / 1.0595 = 78.3
3 3 95 / 1.2995 = 73.1
4 4 72 / 0.9307 = 77.4
5 1 50 / 0.7101 = 70.4
6 2 75 / 1.0595 = 70.8
7 3 102 / 1.2995 = 78.5
8 4 66 / 0.9307 = 70.9
9 1 55 / 0.7101 = 77.5
10 2 81 / 1.0595 = 76.5
11 3 93 / 1.2995 = 71.6
12 4 76 / 0.9307 = 81.7
Quality 22
How to start up a control chart system
1. Identify quality characteristics.
11. Divide data into two samples and test stability of limits.
Quality 24
Quick reference to quality formulas
• Control factors
n A A2 D3 D4 d2 d3
2 2.121 1.880 0 3.267 1.128 0.853
3 1.732 1.023 0 2.574 1.693 0.888
4 1.500 0.729 0 2.282 2.059 0.880
5 1.342 0.577 0 2.114 2.316 0.864
Quality 25
Quick reference to quality formulas
(cont.)
• Means and ranges
UCL = X + A2R UCL = D4R
LCL = X – A2R LCL = D3R