SUBNETTING AND ITS

BENIFITS
Presentation by S K Mishra
Manager(CNS)
Introduction to Subnetting
• Division of a network into subnets
– For example, division of a Class B address
into several Class C addresses
• Some of the host IDs are used for
creating subnet IDs
 Need for Subnetting
• Classes A and B have a large number of hosts
corresponding to each network ID
• It may be desirable to subdivide the hosts in
Class C subnets
• Often, there is a limitation on the number of
hosts that could be hosted on a single
network segment
– The limitation may be imposed by concerns
related to the management of hardware
• Smaller broadcast domains are more efficient
and easy to manage
 Subnetting Principle

• Use parts of the host IDs for subnetting

purpose
• A subnet mask is used to facilitate the
flow of traffic between the different
subnets and the outside network.
 Using Host IDs to Subnet

140 15 1 0
Subnet 1
Class B Network

140 15 2 0
140 15 0 0
Subnet 2

140 15 3 0
Subnet 3
Third octet is now used for subnet IDs
 Subnet Configuration

Subnet ID

140 15 1 0

140 15 1 1 ….. 140 15 1 254

First Host ID Last Host ID

 Subnetting Example
• Consider the case of a class C address
195. 175.25.0 assigned to an
organization
• Subnets can be constructed by
allocating part of the higher-order bits
of the host ID
• Assume that three of the higher-order
bits of the host ID are to be reserved for
that purpose
 Subnetting Structure

195 175 25 0

11100000

Subnet Mask
 Sub Net Last Octet Subnet ID
1 00000000 195.175.25.0
2 00100000 195.175.25.32
3 01000000 195.175.25.64
4 01100000 195.175.25.96
Usable
Subnets 5 10000000 195.175.25.128
(8)
6 10100000 195.175.25.160
7 11000000 195.175.25.192
8 11100000 195.175.25.224
 Sample Subnet Division

Subnet 1 Subnet 2

195.175.25.32 195.175.25.64

Router

195.175.25.33 195.175.25.65
. .
. 30 hosts per subnet. .
. .
195.175.25.62 195.175.25.94
 Total Number of Subnets and
Hosts

• All zeros are not used

• Total number of subnets is 8
• Number of hosts per subnet is 30
• Subnet mask is 255.255.255.224
– 255.255.255.11100000
 Computing Subnet ID at Startup
Host ID 195 175 25 34
11000011 10101111 00011001 00100010
Subnet 255 255 255 224
Mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000
ANDing 195 175 25 32
Result
11000011 10101111 00011001 00100000

Yields subnet ID.

 TCP/IP
Properties
of the Host
 Valid Subnet Masks for Class C
Addresses
Subnet Mask Subnets Hosts Host Total
255.255.255.192 4 62 248
255.255.255.224 8 30 240
255.255.255.240 16 14 224
255.255.255.248 32 6 192
255.255.255.252 64 2 128
255.255.255.254
255.255.255.255
 Subnet Convention

• Consider the following Class C example

– 195.175.25.0/27
• In the above case, the first three octets
and the first three higher-order bits of
the fourth octet are used in subnet
masking
– 3*8+3 = 27 bits from the beginning of the 32
bit IP address
Subnet Convention Illustrated

8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 3 Bits

11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000

Total number of masking bits = 27

195.175.25.0/27

Network ID
 Variable Length Subnets
135.41.0.0/16
Subnet
135.41.0.0/17 135.41.128.0.0/17
135.41.128.0./17
1 Network, 32,766 hosts Subnet
135.41.128.0/21 135.41.248.0/21
15 Networks, 2046 hosts per network

135.41.248.0/24 135.41.255.0/21
8 Networks, 254 hosts per network
 Classless Inter-Domain Routing
(CIDR)
• To avoid the depletion of the class B
addresses, it is subnetted and assigned
as class C addresses
• To avoid the proliferation of network
IDs that would complicate entries in the
routing tables, they were folded for
easing the routing process
• The above is known as CIDR
 Subnetting of Class B Example
• Consider the requirement of 2000 hosts by a
company
• Allocation of one class B network ID would
yield 65,534 hosts
– Far more than required
• The solution is to subnet a B class address
– 8 C class network IDs with each network being
able to support 254 hosts
– The total number of hosts supported is 2,032
THANK
you