Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Compounds
15-1
Objectives
• To classify organic compounds
15-2
Numerical Roots for Carbon Chains and Branches
Roots Number of C
Atoms
meth- 1
eth- 2
prop- 3
but- 4
pent- 5
hex- 6
hept- 7
oct- 8
non- 9
dec- 10
15-5
Table 15.5 Important Functional Groups in Organic Compounds
15-6
Table 15.5 Important Functional Groups in Organic Compounds
15-7
Alkanes
15-8
Ways of depicting the alkane 3-ethyl-
2-methylhexane.
15-9
Depicting cycloalkanes
Cyclobutane
Cyclopropane
15-10
Depicting cycloalkanes.
Cyclopentane Cyclohexane
15-11
Alkenes
15-14
Alkenes
Alkenes contain the C=C double bond:
15-15
Alkynes
15-18
Sample Problem
2,3-dimethylbutane
3,4-dimethylhexane
1-ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane
15-20
Sample Problem 15.2
3-methyl-1-pentene
cis-2,3-dimethyl-3-hexene trans-2,3-dimethyl-3-hexene
15-21
Alcohols
15-24
Figure 15.15 Some molecules with the alcohol functional group.
15-25
Haloalkanes
15-26
Amines
15-27
General structures of amines.
15-28
15-29
Figure 15.18 Some biomolecules with the amine functional group.
Epinephrine
(adrenaline; 2° amine) Cocaine (3°
neurotransmitter in amine)
brain; hormone released brain stimulant;
during stress widely abused drug
15-30
Aldehydes and Ketones
R and R′ indicate
hydrocarbon groups.
15-31
Figure 15.20 Some common aldehydes and ketones.
15-32
Carboxylic Acids
15-33
Figure 15.22 Some molecules with the carboxylic acid functional
group.
Benzoic acid
Calorimetric standard; used in
preserving food, dyeing fabric, Octadecanoic acid (stearic acid)
curing tobacco Found in animal fats; used in making
candles and soaps
15-34
Esters
15-35
Figure 15.23 Some lipid molecules with the ester functional group.
Cetyl palmitate
The most common
lipid in whale
blubber
15-36
Saponification
15-37
Amides
15-38
Figure 15.24 Some molecules with the amide functional group.
Acetaminophen
Active ingredient in nonaspirin
pain relievers; used to make dyes
and photographic chemicals
N,N-Dimethylmethanamide
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25)
(dimethylformamide)
A potent hallucinogen
Major organic solvent; used in
production of synthetic fibers
15-39
Functional Groups with Triple Bonds
15-40
15-41
Recognizing Functional Groups
PROBLEM: Circle and name the functional groups in the following molecules:
15-42
Recognizing Functional Groups
PROBLEM: Circle and name the functional groups in the following molecules:
SOLUTION:
carboxylic acid alcohol
ester ketone
2° amine
aromatic ring alkene
haloalkane
aromatic ring
15-43