Physics

Session

Particle dynamics - 4
Session Objectives
Session Objective

1. Motion of varying mass

system (rockets)

2. Problems
Session Opener
Rocket moves when fuel is ejected as
gases (carrying some momentum)
 Rocket gets a momentum in
opposite direction.

 Mass of rocket reduces.

M  M V M M  V  V

 Ve (w.r.t. rocket)

M  M V  M  V  V   M  V  Ve 
Motion of Varying System
(Rockets)
MMV MMV
V e M  V  V   M  V  Ve 

t  o : MdV  VedM
V M M
dMi
 fVf  Vi  Ve f n
  dV  Ve  M
Mi M
f
Vi

dV dM
Thrust  M  Ve
dt dt
Illustrative Problem
A rocket moving in free space has a
speed of 3.0  103 m/s relative to
earth. Its engines are turned on and
fuel is ejected in a direction opposite
the rocket’s motion at a speed of 5.0
 103 m/s relative to the rocket.

(a) What is the speed of the rocket relative to

Earth once its mass is reduced to one half its
mass before ignition ?

(b) What is the thrust on the rocket if it burns

fuel at the rate of 50 kg/s ?
Solution
 Mi 
(a) vf  vi  ve ln  
M
 f

3 3  Mi 
 3.0  10  5.0  10 ln  
 0.5Mi

 6.5  103 m / s

(b)
dM  m kg 
Thrust  ve   5.0  103   50
dt  s  s 

 2.5  105 N
Class Exercise
Class Exercise - 1
A block of mass 2.5 kg rests on a
smooth, horizontal surface. It is
struck by a horizontal jet of water
at the flow rate of 1kg/s and a
speed of 10m/s. What will be the
starting acceleration of the block?

A
Jet

a
Solution

Water jet supplies the force as

mass changes over time and
velocity is constant.
dm dv dm
F v m  v ( v const.)
dt dt dt

= 1kg/s × 10m/s = 10N

This provides the acceleration to the block.

F 10
a   4m / s2
m 2.5
Class Exercise - 2
Two forces f and F are acting on
objects m and M respectively as
shown. The horizontal surface is
smooth and the spring joining the
masses is light. What is the
extension of the spring if its force
constant is K? (F > f)

T T
f m M F
Solution
Total force providing the motion: F – f.
Total mass accelerated: (m + M)

a 
F – f 
m  M

For M: F – T = Ma For m: T – f = ma

Substituting for ‘a’ in any of equations

mF  Mf
T
mM T T
f m M F
T mF  Mf
x 
k k(m  M)
Class Exercise - 3
A light spring, hanging from a
rigid support, supports a light
pulley. A light and unstretchable
string goes around the pulley.
One end of the string is tied to k
the floor and the other end
supports a hanging mass m. If
the mass has dropped by a
height h, express k in terms of m P
and h.
m
Solution
Let the spring stretch by x.
Then the string moves by
2x. So when mass moves
by h, the spring stretches
by h
.
2
k
h
T
T 2T
m
g
T T
Solution

Tension (force) on the spring = force

on the pulley = 2T.

T = mg as the mass is at rest

 Spring force = 2T = 2mg =

k(extension).

h
2mg = k.
2
4mg
k
h
Class Exercise - 4
An insect inside a hemispherical
bowl is trying to climb out. The
radius of the bowl is r and the
coefficient of friction between the
bowl and the insect is m . How high
can the insect climb?

• Insect
Solution

FBD of insect gives [at the point

where it can reach. Beyond that
point mgsinq > f and insect will
slip down.]

N = mg cosq, f = mgsinq

f = mN = mmg cosq O
r
q j y
 tanq = m N
h

Tangent
mg
Solution

IJ r 2 – y2
tan q  
OJ y

r 2 – y2
m f N
y

r q
y
1  m2 q
mg cos q

 1  mg sin q
 h  r – y  r 1 – 
 1  m2 

Class Exercise - 5
A mass m is sliding down an
equally inclined right angled
trough, inclined to the horizontal
by an angle q. m is the coefficient
of kinetic friction between the
trough and m. What is the
acceleration of the mass?

90o

M
q
Solution
The block has two surfaces of
contact.

So mgsinq – mN1 – mN2 = ma ... (i)

|N1| = |N2| (surfaces identical)

N
y
M
N = 2N1 cos45 = 2 N1
mg
q
x
Solution

N
 N1  N2 
2

 N 
mN1  mN2  m  2   m 2N
 2

N N1
But N = mgcosq N2


So (i)  a  g sin q – 2m cos q 
Class Exercise - 6
A block A of mass 2 kg rests on
top of a block B of mass 3 kg
which is on the floor of a lift. The
lift accelerates upward with an
acceleration of 2m/s2. Find the
normal reaction on B by the floor.
(g = 10m/s2)

A a

B
Solution
Using FBD of A

F A  mA g – NA  – mA a

 NA  mA  g  a

Using FBD of B NA

F B  NB – mBg – NA  mBa

A a B a
 NB – mBg –mA g  a  mBa NA
NB
 NB  mA  mB   g  a
mg mBg
= 5 × 12 = 60N
Class Exercise - 7
In the given figure the weight of A,
hanging from a fixed, light pulley is
200 N and that of B, hanging from a
free pulley is 300 N. Find the
tensions T1 and T2 (g = 10m/s2)

P1
T1
P2
A cT
2
200 N B
300 N
Solution
From FBD of P2, 2T1 = T2

B will rise as upward force on it

(T2) is more.

Noting that when A falls by y, B rises

y
by and in time t
2 T1 T1
y 1 1
 aBt and y  aA t2, aA  2aB
2
2 2 2

P2

T2
Solution

From FBD of A and B,

T2 – mBg = mBaB  2T1 – 300  mBaB

mAg – T1 = mAaA

200
 200 – T1  .2aB ... (ii) T2 T1
10
B A aA
(i)  2T1 – 300 
300
aB
aB
10

100 mBg mAg

100 = (80 + 30)aB aB  m / s2
110
Solution

Putting aB in (ii)

200 10
T1  200 – . 2
10 11

 2
 200 1 – 
 11

= 163.6N

T2 = 2T1 = 327.2N
Class Exercise - 8
Three blocks A, B and C, weighing
3kg, 4kg and 8kg respectively are
arranged one on top of other as
shown. Top block A is attached to a
rigid wall by a rigid, light rod.
Blocks B and C are connected to
each other by a light, unstretchable
string passing around a light pulley.
Find the force F to drag block C with
constant speed. All surfaces have
coefficient of kinetic friction equal to rod
A
0.25(g = 10m/s2)
B
C F
Solution

f1  mNA  NA  mAg

 m mA g NA

R
f1 NB
NA
MAg
f1
T

f2  mNB m mA  mB  g f2
MBg
For B: T – f2 – f1  0
Solution

f3  mNC  m mA  mB  mC  g

For C: F – T – f3 – f2 = 0

NC
NB
F – f3 – 2f2 – f1  0 f2
T
F
 F  f3  2f2  f1  mg  4mA 3mB  mC  f3
MCg
= 0.25 × 10 × 32 = 80.0N
Class Exercise - 9
Block A has a mass of 200 gm and
block B has a mass of 700 gm in
the arrangement shown. Coefficient
of friction is 0.2. How large should
be the value of force F so that block
B has an acceleration of 0.5m/s2? (g
= 10m/s2). Friction is present at all
the contact surfaces.

A
B F
Solution

f2  mmA g

For mA: T – f2 = mAa

T
a f2
NA
NAMAg f2

T F
f1  m mA  mB  g
a
f1 MBg
For mB F – T – f1 – f2  mBa NB
Solution

F –  f1  2f2   mA  mB  a

F= mA  mB  a  m mB  3mA  g

= (0.2 + 0.7)0.5 + 0.2 (0.7 + 0.6)10

= 0.45 + 2.60 = 3.05N

Class Exercise - 10
In the arrangement shown, when
m is 3.0 kg its acceleration is
0.6m/s2 and when m is 4.0kg its
acceleration is 1.6 m/s2. Find the
frictional force on M and the mass
of M. Assume the pulleys to be
massless and strings to be light (g
= 10m/s2) M

m
Solution

mg – 2T1 = ma ... (i)

2T1

m
T1 – f = M.2a

2T1 – 2f = 4Ma ... (ii) T1

Using (i) and (ii)

T2 = 2T1
mg – 2f = (m + 4M)a
Solution

as given for m = 3kg a = 0.6m/s2

3 × 10 – 2f = (3 + 4M)(0.6) ... (iii)

and for m = 4kg a = 1.6 m/s2

Using (iv) and (iii)

40 – 30 = 6.4 + 6.4M – 1.8 – 2.4M

 4M = 5.4 M = 1.35 kg

Substituting M in (iii),

2f = 30 – (3 × 4 × 1.35) (0.6)= 12.48N

Thank you