Lecture 4: Point-Illustration

& Logical Suggestion

JC2 Paper 2 Lecture Series
PAGE 2
Overview of Short Answer Question Types
Paraphrase Direct Paraphrase

(mostly found
Closet Paraphrase
from the passage)
(may include some inference)

Main Categories of SAQs Punctuation

Vocabulary
Inferential

Inferential Qns Point-Illustration

Logical Suggestion

Figurative
Language

Identification
Others
Combination
The Point-Illustration Question
 How to Identify PI Questions

PAGE 3
2 Categories of PI Question
 Point-from-Illustration Questions

Point-from-Illustration questions require you

to make sense of an illustration provided to
arrive at the author’s main point.

PAGE 3
 Steps to Answering a Point-from-Illustration Question

• Read the illustration

Context
to infer what you
think the author’s
point is
• Look for contextual
clues to help you
interpret the Context
illustration accurately
PAGE 3
 Steps to Answering a Point-from-Illustration Question

PAGE 3
Oxford English Dictionary
 The Golden Rule in P2

Paraphrase all key words

taken from the passage.

PAGE 3
E imply
x
a
m
p
l
e

PAGE 3
PAGE 3

Attractive people seem to have an easier time getting

a loan than plain folks, even as they are less likely to
pay it back. They receive milder prison sentences and
higher compensations in legal proceedings. Pretty girls
almost always receive help from strangers in the
supermarket even when they did not ask for it whether
it is to retrieve items from the top shelves or carry
heavy items to their cars. (MI Prelim 2 2014)

Topic: attractive Different situations

people as examples

Ans: Beauty enables one to receive special

treatment from everyone / an advantage in
many aspects of life
 PAGE 3

NOTE
E PAGE 4

x
a
m
p
l
e

B
 STEP 1

Read the illustration to infer what

you think the author’s point is
PAGE 4 Free speech is essential to democracy and safeguards against
tyranny. How did the monstrous regimes of the 20th century, the
century of the Holocaust and two World Wars, gain and hold power?
The answer is that groups of armed fanatics silenced their critics and
adversaries. Once in power, the totalitarians criminalised any
criticism of the regime. The victimised subjects did little to resist the
tyrannical regime. The reason that citizens did not resist is that they
lacked common knowledge — the awareness that everyone shared
their knowledge. People will expose themselves to the risk of reprisal
by a repressive regime only if they know that others are exposing
themselves to that risk at the same time.

The story of “The Emperor’s New Clothes’’ illustrates the logic. When
the little boy shouted that the emperor was naked, he was not telling
them anything they did not already know. However, he was changing
their knowledge nonetheless, because now everyone knew that
everyone else knew that the emperor was naked. That emboldened
them to challenge the emperor’s authority with their laughter. (IJC
Prelim 2016)
 STEP 2

• Look for contextual clues to help

you interpret the illustration
accurately
PAGE 4 Free speech is essential to democracy and safeguards against
tyranny. How did the monstrous regimes of the 20th century, the
century of the Holocaust and two World Wars, gain and hold power?
The answer is that groups of armed fanatics silenced their critics and
adversaries. Once in power, the totalitarians criminalised any
criticism of the regime. The victimised subjects did little to resist the
tyrannical regime. The reason that citizens did not resist is that they
lacked common knowledge — the awareness that everyone shared
their knowledge. People will expose themselves to the risk of reprisal
by a repressive regime only if they know that others are exposing
themselves to that risk at the same time.

The story of “The Emperor’s New Clothes’’ illustrates the logic. When
the little boy shouted that the emperor was naked, he was not telling
them anything they did not already know. However, he was changing
their knowledge nonetheless, because now everyone knew that
everyone else knew that the emperor was naked. That emboldened
them to challenge the emperor’s authority with their laughter. (IJC
Prelim 2016)
 PAGE 4

Putting it all together…

From the Passage
The victimised subjects did little to resist the
tyrannical regime. The reason that citizens did not
resist is that they lacked common knowledge — the (a) only when an oppressed
awareness that everyone shared their knowledge.
People will expose themselves to the risk of reprisal
by a repressive regime only if they know that others
are exposing themselves to that risk at the same
time.
Suggested answer
The logic he is illustrating is that
people learn/realise that all
the rest think alike/ in a
similar way OR all the rest in
society face the danger
together with them [1]
(Accept lifting of “everyone”)

The story of “The Emperor’s New Clothes’’ illustrates (b) will they be more likely to
the logic. When the little boy shouted that the face the possibility of
emperor was naked, he was not telling them anything retaliation by an oppressive
they did not already know. However, he was changing
government// stand up to
their knowledge nonetheless, because now everyone
knew that everyone else knew that the emperor was their oppressors [1]
naked. That emboldened them to challenge the
emperor’s authority with their laughter
 PAGE 4

NOTE
What point is the author making in the last
sentence? [1] PAGE 5

This is the inexorable natural relationship of

our species to the rest of creation. We may
find some of the things we do to animals
and the effects of our actions on them
distressing and seek to reduce as far as
possible the ‘suffering’ we cause them. We
may deplore the reduction in global
biodiversity and make desperate efforts to
preserve a handful of endangered
species—the ones we find useful or
admirable. But these actions are prompted
by our own needs: to lessen our discomfort,
to extend our resources or to enrich our
environment. The last tiger will not mourn
its own passing. (GCE ‘A’Level 2003)
What point is the author making in the last
sentence? [1] PAGE 5

This is the inexorable natural relationship of

our species to the rest of creation. We may
find some of the things we do to animals
and the effects of our actions on them
distressing and seek to reduce as far as
possible the ‘suffering’ we cause them. We
may deplore the reduction in global
biodiversity and make desperate efforts to
preserve a handful of endangered Example of
species—the ones we find useful or extinction of
admirable. But these actions are prompted species
by our own needs: to lessen our discomfort,
Animals
to extend our resources or to enrich our
themselves don’t
environment. The last tiger will not mourn
mourn their own
its own passing. (GCE ‘A’Level 2003)
loss
What point is the author making in the last
sentence? [1] PAGE 5

This is the inexorable natural relationship of The concern is

our species to the rest of creation. We may actually for
find some of the things we do to animals ourselves
and the effects of our actions on them Ans: We are
distressing and seek to reduce as far as actually the ones
possible the ‘suffering’ we cause them. We who regret the
may deplore the reduction in global extinction of
biodiversity and make desperate efforts to animal species
preserve a handful of endangered Example of
species—the ones we find useful or extinction of
admirable. But these actions are prompted species
by our own needs: to lessen our discomfort,
Animals
to extend our resources or to enrich our
themselves don’t
environment. The last tiger will not mourn
mourn their own
its own passing.(GCE ‘A’Level 2003)
loss
2 Categories of PI Question
Illustration-from-Point Questions
PAGE 5

Illustration-from-Point questions require you

to pick out and explain the illustration(s)
the author provides to show his point.
Steps to Answering an Illustration-from-Point Question

• Understand the point /

argument that the
author makes. This is
usually given in the
question or is stated in
the passage.
• Identify the specific
illustration(s) from the
passage which
supports that point /
argument. PAGE 5
 The Golden Rule in P2

Paraphrase all key words

taken from the passage.

PAGE 5
E
x
a
m
p
l
e

C
How does this paragraph illustrate
that the concept of Asian Pretty Boy
is not new? Use your own words as
far as possible. [2]
PAGE 6
E
x The question Step 1:
a requires you The point
m to explain the
the
p illustration
illustration
is based on
l
e

C
How does this paragraph illustrate
that the concept of Asian Pretty Boy
is not new? Use your own words as
far as possible. [2]
PAGE 6
Step 2: Pick out all instances of the PAGE 6

Asian Pretty Boy in olden settings…

Is the rise of the Asian Pretty Boy all that revolutionary? Not
really. David Beckham is not the reason why Asian men are
suddenly starting to look after themselves as the tradition was
already there. During Japan’s peaceful Heian period between
794 and 1185, for example, both men and women powdered
their faces white. In the West, maleness typically means
‘muscles’, ‘dark skin’ and ‘strong bodies’. In Asia, by contrast,
definitions of masculinity have traditionally been more flexible.
During China’s Ming and Qing dynasties from 1368 to 1911,
men were depicted in paintings as ethereal, feminine creatures.
Extreme androgyny is nothing particularly new. The fifty or so
post-war years during which Japanese men were not
androgynous due to Western influence and the desire to ‘catch
up’ economically is the glitch in history. (Adapted from YJC
Prelim 2013) Example C
Step 2: Pick out all instances of the PAGE 6

Asian Pretty Boy in olden settings…

Is the rise of the Asian Pretty Boy all that revolutionary? Not
really. David Beckham is not the reason why Asian men are
suddenly starting to look after themselves as the tradition was
already there. During Japan’s peaceful Heian period between
794 and 1185, for example, both men and women powdered
their faces white. In the West, maleness typically means
‘muscles’, ‘dark skin’ and ‘strong bodies’. In Asia, by contrast,
definitions of masculinity have traditionally been more flexible.
During China’s Ming and Qing dynasties from 1368 to 1911,
men were depicted in paintings as ethereal, feminine creatures.
Extreme androgyny is nothing particularly new. The fifty or so
post-war years during which Japanese men were not
androgynous due to Western influence and the desire to ‘catch
up’ economically is the glitch in history. (Adapted from YJC
Prelim 2013) Example C
Step 2: Pick out all instances of the PAGE 6

Asian Pretty Boy in olden settings…

Is the rise of the Asian Pretty Boy all that revolutionary? Not
really. David Beckham is not the reason why Asian men are
suddenly starting to look after themselves as the tradition was
already there. During Japan’s peaceful Heian period between
794 and 1185, for example, both men and women powdered
their faces white. In the West, maleness typically means
‘muscles’, ‘dark skin’ and ‘strong bodies’. In Asia, by contrast,
definitions of masculinity have traditionally been more flexible.
During China’s Ming and Qing dynasties from 1368 to 1911,
men were depicted in paintings as ethereal, feminine creatures.
Extreme androgyny is nothing particularly new. The fifty or so
post-war years during which Japanese men were not
androgynous due to Western influence and the desire to ‘catch
up’ economically is the glitch in history. (Adapted from YJC
Prelim 2013) Example C
How does this paragraph illustrate that the concept of Asian
Pretty Boy is not new? Use your own words as far as
possible. [2] Example C
From the Passage Suggested Answer
The author illustrates that the
concept is not new by showing
During Japan’s peaceful that in the past,
Heian period between 794
and 1185, for example, both a) both men and women in Japan
men and women powdered were known to put on make-up.
their faces white. [1]

During China’s Ming and

Qing dynasties from 1368 to b) Men were also portrayed as
1911, men were depicted in light/ airy/ delicate/ dainty/ waif-
paintings as ethereal, like beings in Chinese paintings.
feminine creatures. [1] PAGE 6
 Point: the way we access medical
care has been turned upside down

The author claims that ‘the way we

approach medical care has also turned
things on its head’. How does the
remainder of the paragraph illustrate
this assertion? Use your own words
as far as possible. [2]

We need to find the illustration in the rest

of the paragraph that shows this assertion
PAGE 6
The author claims that ‘the way we approach medical care has also
turned things on its head’. How does the remainder of the paragraph
illustrate this assertion? Use your own words as far as possible. [2]

The way we approach medical care has

also turned things on its head. You
wake up feeling a slight tickle in your
throat. You try and shake it off and drink
lots of water. After a few hours, it is still
there. Instead of calling your mom or
making a doctor appointment, you head
to the internet. Today, anyone with a
computer and a connection can get
online and find a variety of results,
ranging from simple sore throat to the
more serious, like bronchitis and
asthma. (MI Prelim 2016) PAGE 6
The author claims that ‘the way we approach medical care has also
turned things on its head’. How does the remainder of the paragraph
illustrate this assertion? Use your own words as far as possible. [2]
PAGE 6

The way we approach medical care has ANSWER

also turned things on its head. You When

wake up feeling a slight tickle in your people
are ill…
throat. You try and shake it off and
drink lots of water. After a few hours,
it is still there. Instead of calling your
mom or making a doctor appointment,
you head to the internet. Today,
anyone with a computer and a
connection can get online and find a
variety of results, ranging from simple
sore throat to the more serious, like
bronchitis and asthma. (MI Prelim 2016)
The author claims that ‘the way we approach medical care has also
turned things on its head’. How does the remainder of the paragraph
illustrate this assertion? Use your own words as far as possible. [2]
PAGE 6

Instead The way we approach medical care has ANSWER

of also turned things on its head. You When
seeking wake up feeling a slight tickle in your people
help are ill…
throat. You try and shake it off and drink
from a
family lots of water. After a few hours, it is still
member there. Instead of calling your mom or
making a doctor appointment, you head
to the internet. Today, anyone with a
computer and a connection can get
online and find a variety of results,
ranging from simple sore throat to the
more serious, like bronchitis and
asthma. (MI Prelim 2016)
 The author claims that ‘the way we approach medical care has also
turned things on its head’. How does the remainder of the paragraph
illustrate this assertion? Use your own words as far as possible. [2]
PAGE 6

Instead The way we approach medical care has ANSWER

of also turned things on its head. You When
seeking wake up feeling a slight tickle in your people
help are ill…
throat. You try and shake it off and drink
from a
family lots of water. After a few hours, it is still
member there. Instead of calling your mom or
making a doctor appointment, you
…or head to the internet. Today, anyone
going to with a computer and a connection can
the clinic get online and find a variety of results,
which is ranging from simple sore throat to the
the usual
practice
more serious, like bronchitis and
asthma. (MI Prelim 2016)
 The author claims that ‘the way we approach medical care has also
turned things on its head’. How does the remainder of the paragraph
illustrate this assertion? Use your own words as far as possible. [2]
PAGE 6

Instead The way we approach medical care has ANSWER

of also turned things on its head. You When
seeking wake up feeling a slight tickle in your people
help are ill…
throat. You try and shake it off and drink
from a
family lots of water. After a few hours, it is still
They
member there. Instead of calling your mom or self-
making a doctor appointment, you head diagnose
…or to the internet. Today, anyone with a by
going to computer and a connection can get getting
the clinic online and find a variety of results, informa-
which is ranging from simple sore throat to the tion
the usual from the
practice
more serious, like bronchitis and
internet.
asthma. (MI Prelim 2016)
The Logical
Suggestion
Question
The missing piece?
PAGE 7

WHAT are logical suggestion

questions?
Logical Suggestion Questions
require you to make sense of the
context given and propose
possible logical answers that
have a direct causal relationship
or are closely related to the
context.
How to Identify LS questions?

PAGE 7
Why might countries restrict food
exports?
Consider possible reasons:
1. Climate change, severe weather and
other outbreaks of plant or animal
diseases also threaten food supplies.
2. Supply shortages in wild-caught fish
at year-end and year-beginning are
not uncommon in this part of the
world due to the Northeast monsoon
hampering fishing boats going out to
sea and reducing catches
3. Spike in demand due to festivities
Singapore’s Food Security

The Economist Intelligence unit (EIU) ranked

Singapore is very vulnerable to the supply
Singapore as the most food secure country
shocks that may occur in our source countries
in the world.
for key food items especially rice and fresh leafy
vegetables or chilled fish, that come only from a
small number of countries.
Singapore
Most relies heavily
of Singapore’s on world’s)
(and the importedrice
originate
food. Aboutfrom90Thailand
per centandofVietnam
its foodand to a
needs
lesser
comeextent,
from India. Most
over 160 of the green
countries, leafy
spread
vegetables and
geographically, chilled fish
according come from
to Agri-Food and
Malaysia
Veterinarywith smallerofamounts
Authority Singaporefrom other
(AVA).
ASEAN countries.
 Singapore’s Vulnerability

The reputational risk

Singapore is to Singapore as a
particularly tourism and MICE
vulnerable if (Meetings,
these supply Incentives,
shocks occur Conferences and
simultaneously, Exhibitions) hub
a scenario we cannot be
cannot rule out underestimated if
food supply is erratic
 Suggest how Singapore can
aim for higher levels of
self-sufficiency?
Context:
• Singapore as a small island state

Solution:
• Increase our domestic food production
capacity. For a small land-limited country,
we need to re-conceptualise farming space
including leveraging vertical farming,
above-ground farming or underground
farming.
Steps to answering LS Questions:

1. Suggest an answer which is

appropriate to the context.

2. Paraphrase all key words

taken from the passage.

PAGE 7
E Suggest and briefly explain
x three distinct consequences that
a might arise from the ‘adoption’ of the
m aims of the animal rights movement
p as set out in paragraph 1. [3]
l
e

PAGE 7
E Suggest and briefly explain
x three distinct consequences that
a might arise from the ‘adoption’ of the
m aims of the animal rights movement
p as set out in paragraph 1. [3]
l
e

PAGE 7
E PAGE 7

x The animal rights movement works

towards the total abolition of the use of
a animals in science and commercial
m agriculture and the total elimination of
p all commercial and sporting hunting.
l The fundamental wrong is the system
e that allows us to view animals as our
resources, here for us - to be eaten or
D surgically manipulated or exploited for
sports or money. Once we accept such a
view, why worry about their loneliness,
pain or death? What harms them only
matters if it starts to make us feel
uneasy.
E PAGE 7

x The animal rights movement works

towards the total abolition of the use of
a animals in science and commercial
m agriculture and the total elimination of
p all commercial and sporting hunting.
l The fundamental wrong is the system
e that allows us to view animals as our
resources, here for us - to be eaten or
D surgically manipulated or exploited for
sports or money. Once we accept such a
view, why worry about their loneliness,
pain or death? What harms them only
matters if it starts to make us feel
uneasy.
E PAGE 7

x The animal rights movement works

towards the total abolition of the use of
a animals in science and commercial
m agriculture and the total elimination of
p all commercial and sporting hunting.
l The fundamental wrong is the system
e that allows us to view animals as our
resources, here for us - to be eaten or
D surgically manipulated or exploited for
sports or money. Once we accept such a
view, why worry about their loneliness,
pain or death? What harms them only
matters if it starts to make us feel
uneasy.
E PAGE 7

x The animal rights movement works

towards the total abolition of the use of
a animals in science and commercial
m agriculture and the total elimination of
p all commercial and sporting hunting.
l The fundamental wrong is the system
e that allows us to view animals as our
resources, here for us - to be eaten or
D surgically manipulated or exploited for
sports or money. Once we accept such a
view, why worry about their loneliness,
pain or death? What harms them only
matters if it starts to make us feel
uneasy.
E PAGE 7

x The animal rights movement works

towards the total abolition of the use of
a animals in science and commercial
m agriculture and the total elimination of
p all commercial and sporting hunting.
l The fundamental wrong is the system
e that allows us to view animals as our
resources, here for us - to be eaten or
D surgically manipulated or exploited for
sports or money. Once we accept such a
view, why worry about their loneliness,
pain or death? What harms them only
matters if it starts to make us feel
uneasy.
 PAGE 7
Suggest and briefly explain three distinct consequences that
might arise from the ‘adoption’ of the aims of the animal
rights movement as set out in paragraph 1. [3]

From the Passage Suggested answer

…the total abolition of the
use of animals in
science and commercial
agriculture
Increased human mortality rate / adverse
reactions in human beings when drugs
may no longer be tested on animals [1]
Unemployment in science and
commercial agriculture involving animal
testing [1]

the total elimination of Fewer avenues for human beings to

all commercial and channel innate aggression elsewhere,
sporting hunting. thus possibly leading to more cases of
crime [1] 59
 PAGE 7
Suggest and briefly explain three distinct consequences that
might arise from the ‘adoption’ of the aims of the animal
rights movement as set out in paragraph 1. [3]

From the Passage Suggested answer

…the total abolition of the
use of animals in
science and commercial
agriculture
Increased human mortality rate / adverse
reactions in human beings when drugs
may no longer be tested on animals [1]
Unemployment in science and
commercial agriculture involving animal
testing [1]

the total elimination of Fewer avenues for human beings to

all commercial and channel innate aggression elsewhere,
sporting hunting. thus possibly leading to more cases of
crime [1] 60
 PAGE 7
Suggest and briefly explain three distinct consequences that
might arise from the ‘adoption’ of the aims of the animal
rights movement as set out in paragraph 1. [3]

From the Passage Suggested answer

…the total abolition of the
use of animals in
science and commercial
agriculture
Increased human mortality rate / adverse
reactions in human beings when drugs
may no longer be tested on animals [1]
Unemployment in science and
commercial agriculture involving animal
testing [1]

the total elimination of Fewer avenues for human beings to

all commercial and channel innate aggression elsewhere,
sporting hunting. thus possibly leading to more cases of
crime [1] 61
 PAGE 7
Suggest and briefly explain three distinct consequences that
might arise from the ‘adoption’ of the aims of the animal
rights movement as set out in paragraph 1. [3]

From the Passage Suggested answer

…the total abolition of the
use of animals in
science and commercial
agriculture
Increased human mortality rate / adverse
reactions in human beings when drugs
may no longer be tested on animals [1]
Unemployment in science and
commercial agriculture involving animal
testing [1]

the total elimination of Fewer avenues for human beings to

all commercial and channel innate aggression elsewhere,
sporting hunting. thus possibly leading to more cases of
crime [1] 62
 PAGE 7
Suggest and briefly explain three distinct consequences that
might arise from the ‘adoption’ of the aims of the animal
rights movement as set out in paragraph 1. [3]

From the Passage Suggested answer

…to be eaten Change in dietary habits/ Human beings
have to turn vegetarian if animals are not
farmed on an industrial scale [1]

surgically manipulated Disappearance of circuses, zoos, riding

or exploited for sports or stables, pet-shops and other facilities
money that involve some sort of animal
competition for leisure since exploitation
of animals for sports and money are not
permitted [1]
63
 PAGE 7
Suggest and briefly explain three distinct consequences that
might arise from the ‘adoption’ of the aims of the animal
rights movement as set out in paragraph 1. [3]

From the Passage Suggested answer

…to be eaten Change in dietary habits/ Human beings
have to turn vegetarian if animals are not
farmed on an industrial scale [1]

surgically manipulated Disappearance of circuses, zoos, riding

or exploited for sports or stables, pet-shops and other facilities
money that involve some sort of animal
competition for leisure since exploitation
of animals for sports and money are not
permitted [1]
64
 PAGE 7
Suggest and briefly explain three distinct consequences that
might arise from the ‘adoption’ of the aims of the animal
rights movement as set out in paragraph 1. [3]

From the Passage Suggested answer

…to be eaten Change in dietary habits/ Human beings
have to turn vegetarian if animals are not
farmed on an industrial scale [1]

surgically manipulated Disappearance of circuses, zoos, riding

or exploited for sports or stables, pet-shops and other facilities
money that involve some sort of animal
competition for leisure since exploitation
of animals for sports and money are not
permitted [1]
65
 PAGE 7
Suggest and briefly explain three distinct consequences that
might arise from the ‘adoption’ of the aims of the animal
rights movement as set out in paragraph 1. [3]

From the Passage Suggested answer

…to be eaten Change in dietary habits/ Human beings
have to turn vegetarian if animals are not
farmed on an industrial scale [1]

surgically manipulated Disappearance of circuses, zoos, riding

or exploited for sports or stables, pet-shops and other facilities
money that involve some sort of animal
competition for leisure since exploitation
of animals for sports and money are not
permitted [1]
66
 PAGE 8

Lecture Practice 3

Up to three-quarters of all research

published in the medical literature
about pharmaceutical drugs, for
instance, is now believed to be
ghostwritten by public relations firms
hired by drug companies, with serious
and even potentially fatal side-effects
routinely concealed.

Instead of public relations firms, suggest

who should write the research about
pharmaceutical drugs? [1]
 PAGE 8

Lecture Practice 3

Up to three-quarters of all research

published in the medical literature
about pharmaceutical drugs, for
instance, is now believed to be
ghostwritten by public relations firms
hired by drug companies, with serious
and even potentially fatal side-effects
routinely concealed.

Instead of public relations firms, suggest

who should write the research about
pharmaceutical drugs? [1]
• Advertising is paid media which can
therefore leave your
audience skeptical about the messages you
are communicating.
• Coverage stemming from public relations
has the benefit of being perceived as
more credible or at least neutral, since it’s
coming from a third party. In the audience’s
mind, if a media outlet chooses to publish
or broadcast a story, it equals to a stamp of
approval or an endorsement.
 PAGE 8

Lecture Practice 3

Up to three-quarters of all research

published in the medical literature
about pharmaceutical drugs, for
instance, is now believed to be
ghostwritten by public relations firms
hired by drug companies, with serious
and even potentially fatal side-effects
routinely concealed.

Instead of public relations firms, suggest

who should write the research about
pharmaceutical drugs? [1]
 PAGE 8
Lecture Practice 3
Instead of public relations firms, suggest who should
write the research about pharmaceutical drugs? [1]
From the Passage Suggested answer
…ghostwritten by public Independent writers with no vested
relations firms hired by interests… ( )
drug companies, with
serious and even Writers who publish in their own/real
potentially fatal side- names… ( )
effects routinely
concealed. Writers who have integrity/ write honestly or
truthfully… ( )

Scientists should publish the research ( )

Government officials should write about the

research. ( )
 PAGE 8
Lecture Practice 3
Instead of public relations firms, suggest who should
write the research about pharmaceutical drugs? [1]
From the Passage Suggested answer
…ghostwritten by public Independent writers with no vested
relations firms hired by interests… ( √ )
drug companies, with
serious and even Writers who publish in their own/real
potentially fatal side- names… ( √ )
effects routinely
concealed. Writers who have integrity/ write honestly or
truthfully… ( √ )

Scientists should publish the research ( X )

Government officials should write about the

research. ( X )