UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND

TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

EE212
Electrical Network Analysis
Week 1
DR.
PleaseSAJJAD SHAMI
turn off cell phones
An Electrical Network
(Electronic)
 BS Electrical Engineering
• BS Electrical Engineering
– Electrical Power Engineering
– Electronics and Communications Engineering

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 Class Rules
• Roll call at start of every lecture
• No entry in online register after end of roll call
• CROSSTALK is strictly PROHIBITED
• For Crosstalk and other indiscipline:
– Minus 5 sessional mark penalty
• Ball pen, notebook, scientific calculator must
• Any question, raise hand
• All material shall be placed on Moodle

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 Books
• Recommended Text: “Fundamentals of Electric
Circuits”, 5th Ed., By Alexander and Sadiku, McGraw-
Hill, 2013
• (PDF on Moodle)

• Reference: “Electric Circuits”, 8th Edition, by Nilsson

& Riedel, McGraw-Hill, 2008

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 Attendance/ SA Policy
• Max 7 absences allowed in the 15-week semester
• Use these carefully
• No marks are awarded for being regular/punctual in
class, but this may help if you are a borderline case.

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 Study Advice
• Attending Lectures
• Revising at home
• Carefully reading Textbook
• Working out solved examples by hand
• Working out End Problems

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 Let’s Start

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 EE212
• COURSE OUTLINE

• OBE = OUTCOME BASED EDUCATION

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 Basic Concepts Recap
• Matter
• Atoms
• Electrons, Protons,
Neutrons
• Sizes
• Free Electrons

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ELECTRON & PROTON IN AN ATOM

• An atom is the smallest

particle of the basic
elements which forms the
physical substances we
know as solids, liquids, and
gases
• Electron, Proton & Neutron
• The neutrons and protons in
the nucleus make it the
massive and stable part of
the atom because a proton
is 1840 times heavier than
an electron
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ELECTRON & PROTON IN AN ATOM…

• The electron is spinning around the nucleus, as planets

revolve around the sun
• The electrical force attracting the electrons in toward the
nucleus is balanced by the mechanical force outward on the
rotating electron. As a result, the electron stays in its orbit
around the nucleus.

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NEGATIVE & POSITIVE POLARITIES(1)

• All the materials we know, including solids, liquids, and gases,

contain two basic particles of electric charge: the electron and
the proton

• An electron is the smallest amount of electric charge having

the characteristic called negative polarity. The proton is a
basic particle with positive polarity

Note: This electrical characteristics is present in all substances.

In some cases it gives neutral behavior, i.e, equal number of electrons and
protons (In such cases, the opposite electrical forces cancel, making the
substance electrically neutral.)

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 NEGATIVE & POSITIVE POLARITIES …
What does a Battery do ?

• To use the electrical forces associated with the

negative and positive charges, work must be
done to separate the electrons and protons.

• A battery can do electrical work because its

chemical energy separates electric charges to
produce an excess of electrons at its negative
terminal and an excess of protons at its positive
terminal. (Creating a Potential Difference)

• With separate and opposite charges at the two

terminals, electric energy can be supplied to a
circuit connected to the battery.

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 Materials
• Conductors
– Copper,
– Silver, Gold, Aluminum
• Non-conductors
– Rubber,
– Bakelite, Mica, Wood, Plastic
• Semi-conductors
– Si, Ge

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CONDUCTORS, INSULATORS & SEMICONDUCTORS

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 Charge
• A state of matter (Charged or Uncharged)
• Positively Charged (excess of protons)
• Negatively Charged (excess of electrons)
• Like charges repel
• Opposite charges attract
• Smallest charge ??
• 1 Coulomb = 6.242 x 1018 electrons (or protons)
• Charge on one electron (or proton) = 1.602 x 10-19 C

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 Charge
• 1 Coulomb = 6.242 x 1018 electrons (or protons)
• Charge on one electron (or proton) = 1.602 x 10-19 C

Use Above info to Calculate !

1. If 31.25 x1018 electrons are removed from a neutral

dielectric, how much charge is stored in coulombs?

2. A dielectric with a positive charge of 5 C has 18.75 x1018

electrons added to it. What is the net charge of the dielectric
in coulombs?

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 POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE (VOLTS)
• Volt is a measure of the amount of work or energy needed to move an electric
charge

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POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE (VOLTS)

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 MOVEMENTS OF ELECTRONS & PROTONS BETWEEN
CHARGED PLATES
• Assume that a charge of +1C can move
three electrons

• Explain the flow electrons between the

plates ?

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 Energy
• Capacity to do work
• Unit: Joule =(1 N x 1 m)
• Mechanical Energy
• Thermal Energy
• Solar Energy
• Wind Energy
• Atomic/Nuclear Energy
• ………………
• Electrical Energy

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 Charge with Energy
• Can cause movement of electrons
• ONLY ELECTRONS CAN MOVE
• Protons, neutrons can never move
• Energised charge is called Potential or Voltage
• Two charges of different energy: Potential Difference
• Unit Volt = One Coulomb having one Joule

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 Electric Current
• Moving charge is called CURRENT

• Unit Ampere = One Coulomb moving in one second

• Current flows or exists?
• Across a cross-section

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 DC / DV ?
• Fixed
• Non-time varying
• 1.5 volt dry battery cell
• 1.5 volt button battery cell
• 9 volt dry battery
• 12 volt wet (lead-acid) battery

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 DC Direction
• Only (free) electrons can move

• Electron current direction e

• Conventional current direction I

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DIRECTION OF CURRENT, CONVENTIONAL AND ELECTRON FLOW

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 Electrical Load
• Any electrical appliance that can utilize/consume
electrical energy passing through it
• Often there is useful energy transformation
• DC Loads vs AC Loads

• Lightbulb DC or AC, mobile handset ?

• AC or DC Fan, Refrigerator, Air Conditioner, TV etc.

• For any Load:

• Power (Watts) = Joule/sec = volt x ampere
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 Electrical Load …
• RECTIFIER: Converts AC To DC
– (used in mobile charger, laptop charger etc)
• INVERTER: Converts DC to AC
– (used in UPS)
• Energy UNIT: kWh = 1000x J/s x 3600 s = 3600000 J
• Energy Meter
• Conv. Lightbulb 100 W, Saver Lightbulb: 23 W
• LED Lightbulb 12W
• Ceiling Fan: 70-80 W, Electric Iron: 1000 W
• Air-Conditioner (Split 1.5 ton) = 1800 W
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 Electric Shock
• Under dry conditions, the resistance offered by the
human body may be as high as 100,000 Ohms

• Wet or broken skin may drop the body's resistance

to 1,000 Ohms,

• High-voltage electrical energy quickly breaks down

human skin, reducing the human body's resistance
to 500 Ohms

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 Electrocution
• Any electrical device used on a house wiring circuit
can, under certain conditions, transmit a
fatal current

• While any amount of current over 10 milliamps (0.01

amp) is capable of producing painful to severe shock,
• currents between 100 and 200 mA (0.1 to 0.2 amp)
are lethal

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 DIRECT CURRENT (DC) VS ALTERNATING CURRENT(AC)

• If the current does not change with time, but

remains constant, we call it a direct current (dc).

• By convention the symbol I is used to represent

such a constant current.

• A time-varying current is represented by the symbol i

• A common form of time-varying current is the

sinusoidal current or alternating current (ac).

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 DIRECT CURRENT (DC) VS ALTERNATING CURRENT(AC) …
 The flow of charges in one direction and the
fixed polarity of applied voltage are the
characteristics of a dc circuit
 Pulsating DC can change the amount of its
output voltage but, with the same polarity, direct
current still flows only in one direction

 An alternating voltage source periodically

reverses or alternates in polarity

 Frequency means that the voltage polarity and

current direction go through X (say 50) cycles of
reversal per second.
 The unit for 1 cycle per second is 1 hertz (Hz).
Therefore 50 cycles per second is a frequency of
50 Hz.
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DIRECT CURRENT (DC) VS ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) …

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 AC / AV ?
• AC is more efficient and economical to transmit over
long distance
• How is AV produced?

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 AC Generator

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 AC Generation

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 The AC Sinusoid

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 Hydel Set up

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 Hydel Power Generation

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 Hydel

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 Thermal Power Plant
• A thermal power station is a power plant in which
heat energy is converted to electric power
• In most of the world the turbine is steam driven
• Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam
turbine which drives an electrical generator
• Typical fuels: Gas, Coal, Furnace Oil

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 Nuclear Power Plant
• A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in
which the heat source is a nuclear reactor
• As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations
the heat is used to generate steam which drives a
steam turbine connected to an electric generator
which produces electricity
• Fuel: Uranium rods

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 Wind Power
• Wind power is the use of air flow through wind
turbines to mechanically power generators for
electricity
• Wind power, as an alternative to burning fossil fuels,
is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean,
produces no greenhouse gas emissions during
operation, uses no water, and uses little land
• The net effects on the environment are far less
problematic than those of nonrenewable power
sources

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 Wind Farm

Wind farms consist of many individual wind turbines

which are connected to the electric power transmission
network
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 Solar Power
• Photo Voltaic PV ?

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 Pakistan: Installed Capacity
• Total: 24,823 MW as of 30-6-2015

• Thermal: 16,814 MW (67.74%)

• Hydel: 7,116 MW (28.67%)
• Nuclear: 787 MW ( 3.17%)
• Wind: 106 MW ( 0.43%)

• Latest: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Pakistan
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 Alternating Voltage/Current

• A sinusoidal ac waveform starts at zero

– Increases to a positive maximum
– Decreases to zero
– Changes polarity
– Increases to a negative maximum
– Returns to zero
• Variation is called a cycle

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AC Waveform
 Alternating Current

• Alternating current flows first in one

direction and then in the other direction.
• To and fro

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 Math Recap
• π=?
• π = 3.141592654 …………….
• Universal Constant …. What is it?
• Ratio, no units
• Circumf/Diameter
• In any circle’s circumference there are 3.141
diameters
• Or 6.282 radii (as r = d/2)
• Area = π r2 Volume = 4/3 π r3

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 Circle Math
• One Circle has 360 degrees
• What is one radian of angle? Approx 57.3 degrees

• PERIODIC ACTIVITY/FUNCTION?
• Time Period T
• Frequency f (cycles/second) unit HERTZ (Hz)
• One Hz = One cycle/s = 2π radians per second =
6.28 radians per second
• TWO circles = 720 degrees = 4π radians = 12.52
radians
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