Sie sind auf Seite 1von 37

1 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007

2 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007


What is speed?
Speed is a measure of how far an object moves in a given
time.

This car is travelling at 60


mph. This means the car
travels 60 miles every hour.

This jet is travelling at


350 m/s. This means the jet
travels 350 metres every
second.

3 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007


How is velocity different to speed?
The speed of an object does not depend on the direction in
which it is travelling. The velocity of an object is the speed
and direction in which it is moving.

The car is travelling


north with a velocity of
10 m/s.

As the car goes round


the corner, the speed
of the car remains
constant but the
velocity changes.

4 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007


How is speed calculated?
The speed of an object can be calculated using this equation:

distance travelled
speed =
time taken

 Distance travelled is measured in metres (m).

 Time taken is measured in seconds (s).

 Speed is measured in metres per second (m/s).

The standard unit for speed in physics is m/s, but other units
such as kilometres per hour (km/h) are more convenient
when measuring the speed of vehicles. Why is this?

5 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007


Calculating speed question
A train takes 100 seconds to travel 1,500 m.
What is the speed of the train?

distance
speed =
time

= 1,500
100

= 15 m/s

6 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007


Using a formula triangle
A formula triangle helps you to rearrange a formula. The
formula triangle for speed (s), distance (d) and time (t) is
shown below.
Cover the quantity that you are trying to work out, which
gives the rearranged formula needed for the calculation.

So to find speed (s), …which gives


cover up s… the formula…

  s =
d
t
x
7 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
Calculating speed question
A car travels at 25 m/s for
3 minutes. How far does
it travel?

distance
speed =
time

distance = speed x time

= 25 x 180

= 4,500 m = 4.5 km

8 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007


Speed, distance, time calculations

9 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007


10 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
Representing speed

11 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007


Analyzing distance–time graphs

12 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007


Calculating speed from the gradient
The slope of a graph is called the gradient.

The gradient of the line in a


distance–time graph equals the speed.

It is difficult to calculate the Simple graphs use straight


gradient of ‘realistic’ graphs lines only, making it easy to
because the line is curved. calculate the gradient.
distance

distance

time time
13 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
What’s the speed?
What is the speed of the object between points A and B?

B
70
 the object has moved
60 60 m (70 - 10 )
distance (m)

50
40  it took 3 s to move this
30 distance (6 - 3)
20
A  speed = distance/time
10
= 60/3
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 = 20 m/s
time (s)

14 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007


Calculating speed from graphs

15 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007


DIY distance–time graph

16 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007


17 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
What is acceleration?
The acceleration of an object is a measure of how quickly
its velocity changes.

A train accelerates in a
straight line from rest. As it
does, its velocity increases.

The brakes on this


motorcycle are causing it
to slow down. This is
negative acceleration or
deceleration.

18 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007


How is acceleration calculated?
The acceleration of an object can be calculated using this
equation:

change in speed
acceleration =
time taken

 Change in speed is measured in metres per second


(m/s).

 Time taken is measured in seconds (s).

 Acceleration is measured in metres per second per


second (m/s2).

19 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007


Acceleration problem
A racing car accelerates from rest to a speed of 60 m/s in a
time of 4 seconds. What is the acceleration of the car?

change in speed
acceleration =
time taken

60
=
4

= 15 m/s2

20 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007


Using a formula triangle
A formula triangle helps you to rearrange a formula. The
formula triangle for acceleration (a), speed (s) and time (t)
is shown below.
Cover the quantity that you are trying to work out, which
gives the rearranged formula needed for the calculation.

So to find acceleration …which gives


(a), cover up a… the formula…

  a =
s
t
x
21 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
Acceleration problem
A hungry cheetah spots a gazelle and decides to chase it.
The cheetah accelerates at 10 m/s2 from rest until it reaches
20 m/s. How long did this take?
change in speed
acceleration =
time taken

change in speed
time taken =
acceleration

= 20
10

= 2s

22 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007


Acceleration problems calculations

23 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007


24 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
Analyzing speed–time graphs

25 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007


Calculating acceleration from the gradient
How can the acceleration of an object be calculated from a
speed–time graph?
This gradient of the line in a speed–time
graph represents acceleration
speed

time speed time


 If the gradient goes  If the gradient goes
up, the object has a down, the object has a
positive acceleration. negative acceleration,
or deceleration.
26 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
What’s the acceleration?
What is the acceleration of the object between points
A and B?

35
 the object’s speed has
30 increased by 20 m/s
B
speed (m/s)

25 (25 - 5)
20
15  it took 4 s to change
speed (6 - 2)
10
A
5  acceleration = speed/time
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 = 20/4
time (s) = 5 m/s2

27 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007


Calculating acceleration from graphs

28 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007


The area under a speed–time graph

29 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007


DIY speed–time graph

30 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007


31 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007
Glossary (1/2)

 acceleration – A measure of how an object’s velocity


changes over time. It usually refers to an object that is
speeding up.

 braking distance – The distance it takes for a vehicle to


stop once its brakes have been applied.

 deceleration – Negative acceleration, i.e. slowing down.

 non-uniform – Speed or acceleration that is constantly


changing.

 speed – A measure of how far an object moves in a given


time.

32 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007


Glossary (2/2)

 stopping distance – The total distance it takes for a


vehicle to stop, i.e. thinking distance plus braking distance.

 thinking distance – The distance it takes for a driver to


react to a situation and apply the brakes.

 uniform – Speed or acceleration that is constant and


unchanging.

 velocity – A measure of the speed and direction of a


moving object.

33 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007


Anagrams

34 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007


What does the graph show?

35 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007


What does the graph show?

36 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007


Multiple-choice quiz

37 of 46 © Boardworks Ltd 2007

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen