Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Battle of Boyaca
Colombia
Simon Bolivar Bernardo O'Higgins Jose de San Martin
Peru Chile Argentina
Central South America
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla François-Dominique
Mexico Toussaint L'ouverture
El Grito de Dolores Haiti
Also known as Cadiz Constitution, was
made by the Liberals of Spain during
the Peninsular War.
The Cortes of Cádiz worked feverishly,
and the first written Spanish
constitution was promulgated in the
city of Cádiz on March 12, 1812.
The Constitution of 1812 is regarded as
the first example of classic liberalism in
Spain, and one of the first worldwide.
During the early nineteenth century it
served as a model for liberal constitutions of
several Mediterranean and Latin American
nations.
Liberal deputies were in the majority, and
they wanted:
Equality before the law
A centralized government
An efficient modern civil service
A reform of the tax system
The replacement of feudal privileges by
freedom of contract
The recognition of the property owner's right
to use his property as he saw fit.
1833 to 1876.
This splintered the country into two
factions known as the Cristinos (or
Isabelinos) and the Carlists.
The Cristinos were the supporters of
the Queen Regent, Isabella II and her
government. The Carlists were the
supporters of Carlos V, a pretender to
the throne and brother of the deceased
Ferdinand VII .
Reina Isabella II Infante Carlos,
Daugther of Fernando VII Conde de Molina
Brother of Fernando VII
Economic progress gained
momentum with the development of
steam-powered ships, railways, and
later in the 19th century with the
internal combustion engine and
electrical power generation.
The era in Western philosophy and intellectual, scientific and
cultural life, centered upon the eighteenth century, in which
reason was advocated as the primary source for legitimacy and
authority.
At its core was a critical questioning of traditional
institutions, customs, and morals, and a strong belief in
rationality and science.
The Enlightenment is held to be the source of critical ideas,
such as the centrality of freedom, democracy, and reason as
primary values of society.
This view argues that the establishment of a contractual
basis of rights would lead to the market mechanism and
capitalism, the scientific method, religious tolerance, and the
organization of states into self-governing republics through
democratic means.
A period when new ideas in physics, astronomy,
biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other
sciences led to a rejection of doctrines that had
prevailed starting from Ancient Greece to the Middle
Ages, and laid the foundation of modern science.
The 19th century saw the birth of science as a
profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by
William Whewell.
New discoveries and inventions were established
during this period such as the Spinning Jenny, Cotton
gin, and steam power led to the Industrial Revolution.
Rule of the Friars – Marcelo H. del Pilar.
This was due to the control of huge tracts of land by the
friars, and this aggravated aspiring middle-class
landholders, of which the ilustrado were a part.
Also, the friars' near-complete control over education
well into the nineteenth century hindered the
advancement of Filipinos of all classes.
Foreign languages as well as scientific and technical
subjects were excluded from the curriculum until 1863,
when a liberal Spanish government radically overhauled
the system of public education, opening new
opportunities for higher education.
This movement was caused due to the issue of
holding parochial churches in the Philippines.
Two kinds of priests served the Catholic Church
in the Philippines. These were the regulars and the
seculars.
Regular priests
They belonged to religious orders.
Their main task was to spread Christianity.
They were the Franciscans, Recollects,
Dominicans, Jesuits, and Augustinians.
Secular priests
They do not belong to any religious order.
They were trained specifically to run the parishes
and were under the supervision of the bishops.
Conflict began when the bishops insisted
on visiting the parishes that were being run
by regular priests.
It was their duty, they argued, to check on
the administration of these parishes.
But the regular priests refused these visits,
saying that they were not under the
bishop’s jurisdiction.
They threatened to abandon their parishes
if the bishops persisted.
In 1774, Manila Archbishop
Basilio Santa Justa Sancho de
Rufina decided to uphold the
diocese’s authority over the
parishes and accepted the
resignations of the regular
priests.
Since there were not enough
seculars to fill all the vacancies
the Archbishop hastened the
ordination of Filipino seculars.
A royal decree was also issued
on November 9, 1774, which
provided for the secularization
of all parishes or the transfer of
parochial administration from
the regular friars to the secular
priests.
He became ecclesiastical
governor of the Archdiocese of
Manila in 1861.
He sided with the natives and
the secularization of parishes.
He died in an earthquake that
destroyed the Manila Cathedral
in 1863.
“There was no Philippine history prior
to 1872.” – Teodoro Agoncillo
This was because prior to 1872, the
history of the Philippines was written by
foreign writers not by native Filipinos.
According to most historians, this is the
beginning of Philippine Nationalism.
This also gave way for “indios” to
become “Filipinos”.
1869 - 1871
He was one of the most liberal
Governor – General of the
Philippines.
He ushered numerous liberal
ideas such as freedom of
expression, and scientific ideas.
He became very popular among
insulares, native Filipinos, and the
ilustrado class.
Because of his liberal views, the
friars and conservative Spaniards
in the Philippines were quick to
move against him and removed
him from office.
After the death of Pedro
Pelaez, Jose Burgos took
over as the leading figure of
the secularization
movement.
Mariano Gomez and
Jacinto Zamora are also
among the advocates of the
movement.
1864
He wrote an anonymous
pamphlet was published in
Manila, criticizing the
prejudice in the Church, and
providing rebuttals against
several attacks against the
native clergy.
The Cavite Mutiny of 1872
An uprising of military personnel of Fort
San Felipe, the Spanish arsenal in Cavite,
Philippines on January 20, 1872.
Around 200 soldiers and laborers rose
up in the belief that it would elevate to a
national uprising.
The GomBurza was implicated in the
mutiny by Zaldua, claiming he was
ordered by Burgos to recruit people on
the mutiny.
An invitation of Zamora’s friend was also
used by the Spaniards as evidence against
the three priests. The invitation contained
“Powder and Munitions” in it.
Despite inconsistencies of witnesses’
accounts and shady evidences, the three
priests were found guilty and sentenced
to death by garrote.
Rafael de Izquierdo, then the Governor-
General, approved the execution and
asked Gregorio Meliton Martinez, then
Archbishop of Manila, to defrock the
three priest.
Archbishop Martinez,
sympathetic to the three
priests and the
secularization movement,
refused to defrock the three
priest, citing they did not
violate any Canon Law.
The execution was carried
out on February 17, 1872 at
Bagumbayan Field in Manila
with hundreds of Filipinos
and foreign correspondents
witnessing the event.
Archbishop Martinez
ordered the churches of
Manila to ring the death
knell in their honor.
An Execution by Garrote
Old Bilibid Prison, 1900s
GomBurZa Memorial
Luneta Park
GomBurZa Burial
Paco Park
“That doesn’t matter! You ought to offer yourself as they did in
’72; they saved themselves.”
But he was unable to finish this name, for his wife ran to him and
slapped her hand over his mouth. “Shut up! Are you saying that
name so that they may garrote you tomorrow on Bagumbayan?
Don’t you know that to pronounce it is enough to get yourself
condemned without trial? Keep quiet!”
Chapter LIX
Patriotism and Private Interests
Noli Me Tangere