CAD / CAM/CAE

Chapter – 01
Introduction to CAD /
CAM/CAE

Presented by
SALUNKE M.D.
M.Tech. Mech.CAD/CAM
B.E. Mech
Department of Mechanical Engineering
J.S.P.M.’S
B.I.T.BARSHI
Introduction to CAD/CAM/CAE
 CAD/CAM

• CAD/CAM = Computer Aided Design and

Computer Aided Manufacturing. It is the
technology concerned with the use of
computers to perform design and
manufacturing functions.
• CAD can be defined as the use of computer
systems to perform certain functions in the
design process.
• CAM is the use of computer systems to
plan, manage and control the operations of
manufacturing plant through either direct
or indirect computer interface with the
plant’s production resources.
 Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
• Use of computer systems to assist in
the creation, modification, analysis,
and optimization of a design
• Typical tools:
– Tolerance analysis
– Mass property calculations
– Finite-element modeling and visualization
• Defines the geometry of the design
Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
• Use of computer systems to plan,
manage, and control
manufacturing operations
• Direct or indirect computer
interface with the plant’s
production resources
• Numerical control of machine
tools
• Programming of robots
Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE)
• Use of computer systems to
analyze CAD geometry
• Allows designer to simulate
and study how the product will
behave, allowing for
optimization
• Finite-element method (FEM)
– Divides model into
interconnected elements
– Solves continuous field problems
 1.1 CAD/CAM Contents and Tools
• 2 main process: Design + Manufacturing
• 2 sub-process of design: Synthesis + Analysis
• The end goal of the synthesis is a conceptual
design of the prospective product
• The analysis evaluate the performance of the
expected product
• Computer prototypes: Less expensive and
faster to generate
CAD/CAM Contents and Tools . . .

• Manufacturing process begins with the

process planning.
• Process planning is the backbone of the
manufacturing process.
• The outcome of the process planning is a
production plan, tools procurement,
material order, and machine programming.
From CAM definition, the application of
CAM falls into two broad categories:
1. Computer monitoring and control .

Process
Computer Process
data
2. Manufacturing support application .

Process data
Computer Mfg
C Control signals operations
 Manufacturing support application Of CAD/CAM.
• Numerical control part programming by computers
• Computer-automated process plannings
• Computrs-generated work standards
• Production Scheduling
• Plant Layout
• MRP
• Shop floor control
• Designs of tools & Fixtures
• Designs of Moulds for Casting
• Manufacturing systems and automations
 Advantages of CAD/CAM systems

• Greater flexibility.
• Reduced lead times.
• Reduced inventories.
• Increased Productivity.
• Improved customer
service.
• Improved quality.
• Improved communications
with suppliers.
Advantages of CAD/CAM systems
• Better product design.
• Greater manufacturing control.
• Supported integration.
• Reduced costs.
• Increased utilization.
• Reduction of machine tools.
• Less floor space
 Advantages of CAD/CAM

• Advantages of CAD

• Advantages of CAM
The Product Cycle and CAD/CAM

In order to establish the scope and definition

of CAD/CAM in an engineering environment
and identify existing and future related tools,
a study of a typical product cycle is necessary.
The following Figure shows a flowchart of
such a cycle.
Product Design Concept

Fig. 1-2 A typical

CAD process
Fig. 1-3 A typical
CAM process
 Typical Product Life Cycle And CAD/CAM

The Design Process

Design Collecting
Design definitions, relevant design
needs specifications,
and requirements
information and
feasibility study Synthesis
Analysis The CAD Process
Design Design
Design Design Design Design
documentation and modeling and
evaluation optimization analysis conceptualization
communication simulation

The Manufacturing Process

Production
The CAM
planning

Design and
procurement
Process
of new tools Quality Packaging
planning Production Shipping
control
Order
materials

NC, CNC, DNC

programming

Marketing
Fig. 1-1 Typical product cycle
• The product begins with a need which is identified
based on customers' and markets' demands.
• The product goes through two main processes from
the idea conceptualization to the finished product:
1. The design process.
2. The manufacturing process.

The main sub-processes that constitute the design

process are:
1. Synthesis.
2. Analysis.
 Implementation of a Typical CAD Process on a
CAD/CAM system

Delineation of Design changes Design and

geometric model Analysis algorithms

Definition translator
Drafting and
detailing

Geometric model
Documentation

Interface algorithms
To CAM Process
 CAD Tools Required to Support the Design Process
Design phase
Design conceptualization
Design modeling and simulation
Design analysis
Design optimization
Design evaluation
Design communication and
documentation
Required CAD tools
Geometric modeling techniques;
Graphics aids; manipulations; and
visualization
Same as above; animation; assemblies;
special modeling packages.
Analysis packages; customized
programs and packages.
Customized applications; structural
optimization.
Dimensioning; tolerances; BOM; NC.
Drafting and detailing…
CAM Tools Required to Support the Design Process
Manufacturing phase Required CAM tools

Process planning CAPP techniques; cost

analysis; material and
tooling specification.
Part programming NC programming

Inspection CAQ; and Inspection

software
Assembly Robotics simulation and
programming
Implementation of a Typical CAM Process on a
CAD/CAM system

Geometric model Inspection

Interface algorithms
Assembly

Process planning
Packaging

NC programs
To shipping and marketing
Definitions of CAD Tools Based on Their
Constituents

Computer graphics
concepts

CAD
tools

Geometric modeling

Design tools
 Definition of CAD Tools Based on Their Implementation in a
Design Environment

Hardware
(control unit; display terminals;
I/O devices

Design tools + Computer = CAD tools

Software (graphics;
modeling; applications
programs
Definitions of CAM Tools Based on Their
Constituents

Networking
concepts

CAM
tools

CAD

Mfg tools
 Definition of CAM Tools Based on Their Implementation in a Manufacturing
Environment

Hardware
(control unit; display terminals;
I/O devices

Mfg tools + Computer Software (CAD; NC; = CAM tools

MRP; CAPP…)

Networking
Definitions of CAD/CAM Tools Based on Their
Constituents

Mfg tools Design tools

CAD/CAM
Geometric
tools
Networking modeling

Computer
graphics
concepts
 Definition of CAD/CAM Tools Based on Their Implementation in an Engineering
Environment

Hardware

Design and Software

+ Computer = CAD/CAM tools
Mfg tools

Networking
Typical Utilization of CAD/CAM Systems in an Industrial Environment

Geometric modeling and graphics package

Process planning
Geometric modeling
of conceptual design CAPP package

Is design evaluation
Yes Are there
No manufacturing
Possible with available discrepancies in CAD
Standard software? databases?
Design
package Yes
Develop customized No
Design testing
programs and
And evaluation packages NC NC
programming package

Programming
No Is final design package
Applicable? Machining

Yes
Inspection
Drafting Inspection
And Robotics
Assembly package
Documentation
Fig.1-6 Definition of CAD tools based on constituents
Fig. 1-7 Definition of CAD tools based on implementation
Fig. 1-8 Definition of CAM tools based on constituents
Fig. 1-9 Definition of CAM tools based on implementation
Fig. 1-10 Definition of CAD/CAM tools based on constituents
Fig. 1-11 Definition of CAD/CAM tools
based on implementation
Components of CAD/CAM/CAE Systems

• Major component is hardware

and software allowing shape
manipulation
• Hardware includes graphic
devices and their peripherals for
input and output operations
• Software includes packages that
manipulate or analyze shapes
according to user interaction
Components of CAD/CAM/CAE Systems
Components of CAD/CAM/CAE Systems

• Major component is hardware

and software allowing shape
manipulation
• Hardware includes graphic
devices and their peripherals for
input and output operations
• Software includes packages that
manipulate or analyze shapes
according to user interaction
 Hardware Components
• Graphic device is composed of a display
processing unit, a display device, and one or more
input devices
• Input devices:
– Mouse
– Space ball
– Data tablet with a puck or stylus
– Keyboard
• Output Devices:
– Plotters
– Color laser printers
 Hardware in CAD
• Computer:
• A computer is an electronic device which accepts data
through input devices like keyboards & mouse.
• It gives data to CPU & finally gives to output devices on the
monitor.
• Computer is used to store the data.
• It gives the meaningful information whenever we need.
• Main parts of computers:-
• 1. Input devices 2. Output devices
 Software Components
• CAD software allows the designer to create
and manipulate a shape interactively and
store it
• CAM software plans, manages and controls
the operations of a manufacturing site
• CAE software analyzes design geometry,
allowing designer to study product behavior
Input & output devices
 Input & output devices
• A computer is only useful when it is able to
communicate with the external environment.
When you work with the computer you feed
your data and instruction through some
devices to the computer. These devices are
called Input devices. Similarly after processing
computer gives output through output
devices.
 Input devices:

– Keyboard
– Mouse
– Space ball
– Data tablet with a puck or stylus
1.Keyboard:-
 1.Keyboard:-

• An alphanumeric keyboard is device which is

used to communicate with the central
processing unit (CPU) to carry out following
functions:
• 1. To start the programme.
• 2. To initiate certain commands.
• 3. To communicate data in the form of words
and numbers in response to certain
commands appearing on screen
 Keyboard

• Keyboard is similar to standard keyboard on

type writer, with some additional keys. Alpha
refers to keys which communicate alphabets
to the CPU and numeric key refers the keys
which communicate numbers when key on
the keyboard is depressed, the information
corresponding to that letter is communicated
to the CPU in the form of binary numbers.
2.Mouse:-
 2.Mouse:-
• It has a set of two small wheels on its
underside which rotate when the mouse
moves on the surface. The wheels are connect
encoders which generate data regarding co-
ordinates. These data transmitted by the
electric cable to the work station.
 2.Mouse:-
• The mouse can be operate on any flat surface
and does not require tablet. It allows much
faster movement than keyboard. When the
mouse is picked up and placed at some other
spot on table top the cursor location on the
screen does not change because the wheels in
the base do not rotate. This introduces error
since the origin is lost. This is main drawback.
 Selection of CAD/CAM system:-

• CAD/CAM Systems are made up of computer

hardware and specialized software.The use of
CAD has revolutionized engineering graphics.
Usually you should select the software that
will perform the functions you require and
then select hardware appropriate to run that
software effectively.
• Following points are considered while
selecting appropriate CAD/CAM system-
 System aspects:
• Hardware
• Software- While selecting proper software,
following basic features are considered-
• Commands to generate geometry
• Functions for controlling views
• Modifiers for changing drawing geometry
• Annotation commands for adding text,
dimensions, and notes
• Maintenance
• Service
 Geometric modeling aspects:

• Must meet customers' requirements

• Also consider integration with other systems
 Design documentation and
applications

• Good drawings & drafting facility.

• The system is capable of engg. Application to
run FEM, mass calculations, fluid flow
analysis, thermal analysis & stress analysis
 Functions of Graphics Software:-

• 1. Generation of graphic primitives: The graphical

primitives are two-dimensional and
three-dimensional geometrical elements. The two-
dimensional graphic primitives are line segment, arcs,
circle, parabola, hyperbola and ellipse. The three-
dimensional elements are box, cylinder, prism, sphere,
cone and torus. The graphics software should generate
the basic primitives and should also have a library of
regularly used geometric features such as involutes
gear tooth, various types of threads, etc.
 Functions of Graphics Software
• 2. Transformations: These are used to modify
the image on the display screen or to
reposition the graphics item in the database.
The transformations are scaling, translation",
and rotation. These transformations help the
user in constructing a geometrical, model fast
 Functions of Graphics Software
• 3. Viewing and windowing: While model
construction involves the creation of the model
database, viewing affects the way the model is
displayed on the screen. Views are defined by the
various angles from which a model can be
observed. The views are isometric view,
orthogonal view, perspective view, front view, top
view, left side view, right side view, rear view and
bottom view. If the object is too complex,
windowing is used. An imaginary box is created
around the position of the object
 Functions of Graphics Software
• 4. Segmenting: This function provides the user
with the capability to selectively edit the text
such as deleting or modifying portions of the
geometric model.
 Functions of Graphics Software
• 5. User input functions: The user input
functions should be accomplished to the
benefits of the interactive feature of
interactive computer graphics. The functions
permit the user to enter commands or data
into the system.