FIRE FIGHTING

SUBMITTED TO :AR ABHISHEK VERMA

SUBMITTED BY:PARIDHI PAL

SEM :I
 HISTORY OF ORGANIZED FIREFIGHTING

 The history of organized fire fighting began in ancient Rome while under the
rule of Augustus.

 The first fire brigades in the modern sense were created in

France in the early 18th century.

 The first organised municipal fire brigade in the world was

established in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1824; followed by
London in 1832.
A FIRE EXTINGUISHER PUMP FROM 1540

 In INDIA, the Mumbai Fire Brigade is the oldest fire

brigade established on 1st April, 1887.

HORSE-DRAWN STEAM FIRE

ENGINE FROM 1868
IMPORTANCE OF FIRE SAFETY AND REGULATIONS

 The primary goal of fire safety efforts is to protect building occupants from
injury and to prevent loss of life and prevent property damage. According to
Indian law, minimal fire safety equipment is mandatory for any developed
property.

 These laws are given by the National Building Code, which is a document
containing standardized requirement for the design & construction of most
types of building in the country.

 The building that does not satisfy building code or violation of National building
code will lead to penalty, cancellation of sanction or demolition of the building.
 CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED ON
OCCUPANCY
As NBC-2016, all buildings whether existing or hereafter erected are
classified into 9 groups:

 RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS - lodging or rooming houses, private dwellings,

apartments, dormitories, hotels.
 EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS - schools up to senior secondary level, all other
schools, training institutes.
 INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS -Hospitals and sanatoria, Custodial
Institutions, Penal and Mental Institutions
 ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS - mixed occupancy such as shopping, theatre,
auditoriums, restaurants.
 BUSINESS BUILDINGS– offices, banks, professional establishments,
laboratories, libraries, test houses, computer institutions, telephone
exchanges, broadcasting stations and TV Stations.
 CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED ON
OCCUPANCY

 MERCANTILE BUILDINGS - shops, stores, departments markets,

underground shopping centres, storage and service facilities.
 INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS – low hazard, moderate hazard, high hazard.
 STORAGE BUILDINGS - Storage of Goods, wares and merchandise.
 HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS - Storage of Gases, Flammable Liquids,
Liquéfiable Gases, explosive materials, artificial flowers, synthetic leather,
ammunition, explosives and fireworks.
CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED ON FIRE ZONES
 DEMARCATIONS:- A city or area under the jurisdiction of the authority shall
for the purpose of the Code, be demarcated into distinct zones, based on fire
hazards inherent in the buildings and structures according to Occupancy that
shall be called as “ Fire Zones”.
FIRE ZONES

Fire Zone 1:- Residential, Fire Zone 2:- Business

educational, institutional, Fire Zone 3:- High Hazard and Industrial
assembly, small business Industrial Building, storage Buildings except High
and retail mercantile Building and Buildings for Hazard Industrial
buildings. Hazardous Use. Buildings.
FIRE PROTECTION AND MEANS OF EXIT REQUIREMENTS
 GENERAL EXIT REQUIREMENTS:-
 A doorway, corridor, passageway to an internal or external staircase or to a
veranda or roof which have access to the street or to the roof of the building
or a refuge area.
 Shall be continuously maintained free of all obstructions in case of use in an
emergency and shall provide continuous means of exit to exterior.

 FIRE ACCESS STAIR CASES:-

 Buildings having an area of more than 500 sq.m. per floor shall have a
minimum of two staircases.

 DOORWAYS
 Shall open into an enclosed stairways or a horizontal exit of a corridor
providing protected means of exit.
 Shall not be less than 1000mm in width, except in assembly buildings where it
should not be less than 2000mm in width. Shall not be less than 2000mm in
height.
 CORRIDORS AND PASSAGEWAYS
 Width shall not be less than the width
of the exit doorways leading out from
them.
 Height shall not be less than 2400mm.
 Shall be adequately ventilated.

 INTERNAL STAIRCASES
 Shall be composed of non-combustible
materials throughout.
 Shall not be arranged around a lift
shaft.
 Minimum flight width=1000mm,
 Maximum flight width=2000mm,
 Minimum tread = 250mm,
 Maximum riser=190mm,
 Minimum Head Room=2200mm.
 EXTERNAL STAIRCASES
 An external staircase is desirable to be provided for high rise buildings.
 Shall be kept in operable condition.
 Shall be directly connected to the ground.
 Entrance shall be separate and remote from the internal staircase.
 Route to the external stairs shall be free of obstruction at all times.
 Shall be constructed of non-combustible materials and any doorway leading
to it shall have the required fire resistance.
 Shall have straight flight not less than
1250mm wide with 250mm treads and risers
not more than 190mm.
 The number of risers shall be restricted to 15
per flight.
 Handrails shall be of a height not less than
1000mm and not exceeding 1200mm.
Provision of balusters with maximum gap of
150mm.
 REFUGE AREAS
 Shall be provided on the periphery of the floor or preferably on a cantilever
projection and open to air at least on one side protected with suitable railing.
 Refuge area of 15 m2 or area equivalent to 0.3 m2 per person to
accommodate persons of two consecutive floors, whichever is high shall be
provided.
 For floors above 24 m and up to 39m- one refuge area on the floor
immediately above 24m. And ,for floors above 39m – one refuge area on the
floor immediately above 39 m and so on after every 15m.
 Residential flats in multi storied buildings with balcony need not be provided
with refuge area, flats without balcony shall provide refuge area.
 FIRE TOWERS
 Preferred and safest type of escape route for storied buildings.
 In high rise buildings with over 8 storeys or 24m in height, at least one
required means of exit shall preferably be a fire tower.
 FIRE PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS
(15M IN HEIGHT OR ABOVE)
 LIFT
 Walls of lift enclosure shall have fire rating of 2h with vent at the top of lift shaft.
 Landing doors in lift enclosures shall have a fire resistance of not less than 1h.
 The number of lifts in a row shall not exceed 4.
 Collapsible gates for lifts shall not be permitted.
 Lifts shall not normally communicate with the basement.

 FIRE LIFT
 One fire lift per 1200 square meters of floor area for exclusive use of firemen in
an emergency.
 The lift shall have a floor area of not less than 1.4 square meter. ( 8 persons lift )
 The electric supply shall be on a separate service from electric supply mains.
 The word FIRE LIFT shall be conspicuously displayed in fluorescent paint on
the lift landing doors at each floor level.
 The speed of fire lift shall be such that it can reach the top floor from the ground
floor within one minute.
 BASEMENT
 Each basement shall be separately ventilated.
 Staircase of basement shall be enclosed type.

 SERVICE DUCTS / SHAFTS

 Service Ducts should be enclosed by walls of 2h and doors of 1h fire rating.
 A vent opening at the top of the service shaft shall be provided.

 PROVISION OF FIRST AID FIRE FIGHTING APPLIANCES

 The first aid fire fighting equipment shall be provided on all floors including
basements, lift rooms, etc. in accordance with good practice in consultation
with the authority.

 ELECTRICAL SERVICES
 Electric Distribution Cables / Wiring shall be laid in a separate duct.
 Water mains, telephone lines, intercom lines, gas pipes and any other service
pipes shall not be laid in the same duct as the electrical cables.
 STAND BY ELECTRIC GENERATOR
 A stand by electric generator shall be installed to supply power to staircase
and corridor lighting circuits, fire lifts, stand by fire pumps, and all other fire
fighting systems in case of failure of normal electric supply.

 FIRE CONTROL ROOM

 Provision of fire control room, to be placed at the entrance floor of the
building with communication systems to all floors and facilities for receiving
the message from different floors and having control of all installed
equipments.

 COMPARTMENTATION
 The building shall be suitably compartmentalized so that the fire / smoke
remain confined to the area where fire incident has occurred and does not
spread to the remaining part of the building.
 PRESSURIZATION OF STAIRCASES
The pressurization of staircase shall be adopted for high rise buildings and building
having mixed occupancy/ multiplexes having covered area more than 500 sq.m.

 MATERIALS FOR INTERIOR DECORATION / FURNISHING

The use of materials which are combustible in nature and may spread toxic fume/ gases
should not be used for interior decoration / furnishing, etc.

 EMERGENCY AND ESCAPE LIGHTING

 Shall be powered from a source independent of that supplying the normal lighting
and shall be provided to be put on within 1s of the failure of the normal lighting
supply.
 Emergency supply shall be continuous for minimum of 1 hr and for 30 mins even for
small premises.

 HELIPAD
 For high rise buildings above 60m in height, provision for helipad should be made.
 FIRE TRIANGLE
 The fire triangles or combustion triangles or ″fire diamond″ are simple
models for understanding the necessary ingredients for most fires. The
triangle illustrates the three elements a fire needs to ignite: heat, fuel, and an
oxidizing agent (usually oxygen).
 The basic strategy of fire prevention is to control or isolate sources of fuel and
heat in order to prevent combustion. If all three are not present in sufficient
quantities a fire will not ignite or a fire will not be able to sustain combustion.

Fire Triangle
CLASSES OF FIRE
 ACTIVE FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
 FUNCTION

 To detect the early stage of fire

 To give the fire emergency warning
 To help people rescuing themselves
 To give an early stage of help.

 TYPES OF ACTIVE SYSTEM

 Portable
 Fixed

 PORTABLE ACTIVE SYSTEM

 FIRE EXTINGUISHER

 FIRE BLANKET
 TYPES OF PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
 A portable fire extinguisher must contain the type of fire extinguishing agent
suitable for the fire it is required to extinguish.
 It must also be clearly identifiable by colour coding for its intended purpose.
 FIRE BLANKET

 They exclude oxygen from the fire

 Effective against small fire
 Widely used in kitchens and welding stops
 Asbestos blanket cause no damage or contamination.

 FIXED ACTIVE SYSTEM

 WET & DRY RISER

 SPRINKLER SYSTEM
 FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
 SMOKE / HEAT DETECTOR
 WET RISER/ DRY RISER SYSTEM

A wet riser is an arrangement for fire fighting within the building by means of
permanently charged vertical rising mains not less than 100 mm.
Dry risers: Dry risers are similar to wet risers but are kept empty of water.
When required, they will be charged by fire service pumps at ground level.

It consists of following components:

1. Rising Main.
2. Fire Tank.
3. Pumps.
4. Landing valves.
5. Hose Reels & Hose Boxes.
6. Ring Main and Yard Hydrant.
7. Fire Brigade Inlet.
8. Air release valve.
9. Piping.
 DOWN COMER

An arrangement of fire fighting within the building by means of down comer pipe
connected to terrace tank through terrace pump, gate valve and non return valve,
and having mains not less than 100mm internal diameter with landing valves on
each floor landing. It is also fitted with inlet connections at ground level for
charging with water by pumping from fire services appliances and air release
valve at roof level to release trapped air inside.
COMPONENTS OF WET RISER SYSTEM
 SPRINKLER SYSTEM

 Water sprinklers provide an automatic spray dedicated to the area of fire

outbreak.
 Sprinkler heads have temperature sensitive elements that respond
immediately to heat,
 A rapid response which reduces and isolates fire damage, sprinklers use less
water to control a fire than the fire fighting service, therefore preventing
further damage from excess water.
 FIRE ALARM AND SMOKE/ HEAT DEETECTOR SYSTEMS

 In addition to, or as an alternative to, automatic smoke or fire sensing

switches, manual break-glass alarm switches can be wall mounted at about
1.5 m above
 Floor level in lobbies, corridors and other common access locations.
 No person should have to travel more than 30 m to use an alarm.
THANK YOU