Presented by:

Angelina Dichoso
Ground shaking or vibration is
what we feel when energy built up
by the application of stress to the
lithosphere is released by faulting during
an earthquake
Ground Shaking is the destructive updown
and sideways motion felt during an
earthquake. Strong ground shaking can
cause object to fall, break windows among
others. Strong ground shaking can also
result to minor damages to buildings and
worse, cause collapse of a structure.
collapse of Hyatt Hotel,
Baguio City after
the 16 July 1990 Luzon
Earthquake
Most natural earthquakes are
caused by sudden slippage
along a fault zone.

Slippage along a fault is

hindered because there are
irregularities on the fault
plane.
Elastic strain energy
builds
up in the deforming
rocks
on either side of the fault
until it overcomes the
resistance posed by any
irregularity on the fault
plane.
• “body waves”
• can travel through “body waves”
fluids and • cannot travel
solids and are through air or water
longitudinal only through solids,
• transfer energy but they have
parallel to
the direction of the
wave
• Final type of seismic wave occurs along the boundary
between two different substances
• Can be either longitudinal (Rayleigh) or transverse
(Love and Rayleigh)
• Slower than both S and P waves, but have a higher
amplitude and so can be the most destructive of all
the seismic waves
The strength of ground shaking is
measured in terms of velocity,
accelerations, frequency content of
the shaking, and how the shaking continues
(duration).
These terms are also used by scientist
and engineers to describe the
swaying motion of buildings and
other structures as a reaction to the
shaking of the ground during an
earthquake.
Vocabulary or Definitions

Frequency
How often a vibration occurs. The unit of
measurement is
hertz (Hz) or cycles per second. The product of
wavelength
and frequency is velocity.

Natural Frequency
The frequency at which a system naturally vibrates
once it
has been set into motion. The natural frequency
depends
on the stiffness and mass of the system.
Period
The time (in seconds) it takes for one full cycle
to occur. The period is equal to the reciprocal
for frequency (1/frequency)

Acceleration
Is the rate of change of velocity expressed as a
ratio of the acceleration of gravity.
How intense the ground shaking that a site
may experience will depend on earthquake
magnitude, depth of focus, distance from the
epicenter, and the duration of shaking.

The ground acceleration can be calculated

from many models relating only the
magnitude to time interval between p- and s -
wave
arrival and distance from the earthquake
source.
• Ground shaking cannot harm you if
you are in
an open field.
• It is the failure of a building due to
interior
design, poor construction, or weak
foundation
that cause people harm or death.
• The importance of the stability of a
building’s
contents is often overlooked in
preventing
injuries and fatalities.
The intensity of shaking also depends on the
characteristics of the materials the ground is
made
of.
Various types of foundation respond
differently to
seismic waves.
Shear wave velocity of different rocks is a good
measure of ground shaking potential
Identified relations between shear wave
velocity and
several other physical properties that can be
mapped
more readily on a more regional scale as an
alternative