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Introduction and Meaning

• The industrial waste and scrap consists of spoiled raw-


materials, rejected components, defective parts, waste
from production departments etc. involves some
commercial values.

Classification of Wastes
1.Obsolete items: Not damaged and which have
economic worth but which are no longer useful for the
Company’s operation due to many reason such as,
changes in product line, process, materials, and so on.
2.Surplus items: These are those materials and
equipments which have no immediate use but have
accumulated due to faulty planning, forecasting and
purchasing.
3. Scrap: It is defined as process wastage.
REASONS FOR GENERATION AND ACCUMULATION OF OBSOLETE,
SURPLUS AND SCRAP ITEMS

1. Changes in product design


2. Cannibalization
3. Faulty planning and forecasting
4. Faulty purchase practices
5. Other causes: Faulty store-keeping methods
Inferior materials handling
Improper codification
Poor manufacturing methods
Poor maintenance of machine
IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL OF WASTE
• The combing process of combining the stock records and movement
analysis has been found very effective in locating such stocks in the total
inventory.

• Stock issue cards should be combed and items which have not been
consumed (non-moving) for a period of one year must be isolated.

• Such lists must be prepared for items which have not moved for 2 years, 3
years, 5 years and above.

Movement Analysis Statement:


DISPOSAL OF SCRAP
• Disposal of scrap when handled in an imaginative
manner can result in handsome returns to the
organization.

• An effective disposal requires a compact disposal


organization reporting to the materials manager,
continuous market survey on the prices of various
categories of scrap generated in the plant.

• Auction and Tender methods are frequently used


for disposal of scrap.
Introduction to Automation
• Automation is a technology concerned with the
application of mechanical, electronic, and computer
based systems to operate and control production.

Various Dimensions of Automation


• Automatic machine tools to process parts, automatic
assembly machines, industrial robots, automatic
material handling and storage systems, automatic
inspection systems for quality control, feedback control
and computer process control, computer systems for
planning, data collection and decision-making to
support manufacturing activities.
TYPES OF AUTOMATION
1. Fixed automation:
• It is a system in which the sequence of processing (or
assembly) operations is fixed by the equipment
configuration.
• It is the integration and coordination of many such
operations into one piece of equipment that makes the
system complex.
• Features of fixed automation
(a) High initial investment for custom–Engineered
equipment;
(b) High production rates; and
(c)Relatively inflexible in accommodating product
changes.
2. Programmable automation
• The production equipment is designed with the
capability to change the sequence of operations to
accommodate different product configurations.

• Features
(a) High investment in general-purpose equipment;
(b) Low production rates relative to fixed automation;
(c) Flexibility to deal with changes in product
configuration; and
(d) Most suitable for batch production.
3. FLEXIBLE AUTOMATION
• A flexible automated system is one that is capable of
producing a variety of products (or parts) with virtually
no time lost for changeovers from one product to the
next.
• There is no production time lost while reprogramming
the system and altering the physical setup (tooling,
fixtures, and machine setting).

• Features
(a) High investment for a custom-engineered system.
(b) Continuous production of variable mixtures of
products.
(c) Medium production rates.
(d) Flexibility to deal with product design variations.
Types of Production Automation
COMPUTER INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING (CIM)
• The term CIM has been coined to denote the
pervasive use of computers to design the products,
plan the production, control the operations, and
perform the various business related functions
needed in a manufacturing firm.

• These information processing functions include:


(1) Business activities,
(2) Product design,
(3) Manufacturing planning, and
(4) Manufacturing control
REASONS FOR AUTOMATION
1. Increased productivity:
Higher production rates (output per hour) are achieved
with automation than with the corresponding manual
operations.
2. High Cost of Labour: higher investment in automated
equipment has become economically justifiable to
replace manual operations.
3. Labour shortages: In many advanced nations there has
been a general shortage of labour.
4. Safety: By automating the operation and transferring
the operator from an active participation to a
supervisory role, work is made safer.
REASONS FOR AUTOMATION
5. High cost of raw materials: The high cost of raw
materials in manufacturing results in the need for
greater efficiency in using these materials.
6. Improved product quality: Automated operations
not only produce parts at faster rates but they
produce parts with greater consistency and
conformity to quality specifications.
7. Reduction of in-process inventory: Holding large
inventories of work-in-process represents a
significant cost to the manufacturer because it ties
up capital.
ADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATION
1. Minimum Production Time: Automation will allow the
average number of working hours per week to continue
to decline.
2. Leads to Safer Working Condition: There is less direct
physical participation by the worker in the production
process, there is less chance of personal injury to the
worker.
3. Results into Better Price Utility: Automated production
results in lower prices and better products.
4. New Jobs Creation: The growth of the automation
industry will itself provide employment opportunities.
5. Results into Increasing Standard of Living: Only
through productivity increases brought about by new
automated methods of production, it is possible to
advance standard of living.
Disadvantages of Automation

1. Subjugation of Human Being

2. Reduction in Labour Force

3. Reduced Purchasing Power


AUTOMATION STRATEGIES
1. Specialization of operations: The first strategy
involves the use of special purpose equipment
designed to perform one operation with the greatest
possible efficiency.

2. Combined operations: Performing more than one


operation at a given machine, thereby reducing the
number of separate machines needed.

3. Simultaneous Operations: Two or more processing (or


assembly) operations are being performed
simultaneously on the same workpart, thus reducing
total processing time.
4. Integration of operations: Another strategy is to
link several workstations into a single integrated
mechanism using automated work handling devices
to transfer parts between stations.

5. Increased flexibility: It involves the use of the


flexible automation concepts. Prime objectives are
to reduce setup time and programming time for the
production machine.

6. Improved material handling and storage systems:


A great opportunity for reducing non-productive
time exists in the use of automated material
handling and storage systems.
7. On-line inspection: Incorporating inspection into the
manufacturing process permits corrections to the process as
product is being made.

8. Process control and optimization: This includes a wide range


of control schemes intended to operate the individual process
and associated equipment more efficiency.

9. Plant operations control: This strategy is concerned with


control at the plant level of computer networking within the
factory.

10. Computer integrated manufacturing (CIM): CIM involves


extensive use of computer applications, computer data bases,
and computer networking in the company.

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