Chapter 5 - Morphological Binary Image Processing

PLT 425
VISION SYSTEM
Chapter 5:
Morphological Binary Image
Processing
School of Mechatronic Engineering

AiCOS Research Group
Morphological Binary Image
Processing
 Morphological image processing describes a range
of image processing techniques that deal with the
shape (or morphology) of features in an image.
 Morphological operations are originally developed for

binary images for shape and structural
manipulations.

Grayscale image Image after segmentation
(segmented image)

Morphological operations are typically applied to remove
imperfections introduced during image segmentation
process.

Binary Image Morphology
 A binary image can be considered as a set by

considering “white” pixels as elements in the set
(foreground) and “black” pixels as outside the set
(background).
 Used to extract image components that are useful in the

representation and description of region shape such as:
• boundaries extraction
• skeletons
• convex hull
• morphological filtering
• thinning
• pruning

Set Operations

Logic Operations
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Logical Operations between Binary
Images

Basic Morphological Operations
The basic operations of binary morphology are:

 Erosion makes a region smaller.
 Dilation enlarges a region.
 Opening operation can get rid of small portions of the
region that jut out from the boundary (spurs, bridges).
 Closing operation can close up internal holes in a region
and eliminate bays along boundaries.

Structuring Element (SE)
 Structuring element (SE) is small sets or sub-images

used to probe an image under study for properties of
interest.
 SE is usually another smaller binary image or sub-image.
 It represents a shape, can be of any size and have
arbitrary structure that can be represented by a binary
image.

Structuring Element (SE)
 Members and origin (centre of gravity) of SE are specified.

How structuring elements are
used in morphology?

Erosion
 Erodes away the boundary regions, hence foreground
pixels shrink in size.
 Does the structuring element fit the set?
Erosion of a set A by structuring element B: all z in A such

that B is in A when origin of B=z.
Shrink the object
A  B  {z|(B)z  A}

Example: Erosion

Example: Erosion

Example: Erosion

Example: Erosion

Example of Image and Structure Element

Erosion of A by B

Example: Erosion

Dilation
 This operator enlarges the boundary of foreground pixels,
hence holes inside pixels become smaller.
 Does the structuring element hit the set?
Dilation of a set A by structuring element B: all z in A such

that B hits A when origin of B=z.
Grow the object
A  B  {z|( Bˆ )z  A  Φ}

Dilation
Translation of SE on the image.

Dilation of A by B

Example: Dilation

Example: Dilation

Example: Dilation

Example: Dilation

Dilation: Bridging Gaps

Useful
Erosion
Removal of structures of certain shape and size, given
by SE.
Dilation
Filling of holes of certain shape and size, given by SE.

Combining Erosion and Dilation
Wanted:
Remove structures / fill holes without affecting
remaining parts
Solution:
Combine erosion and dilation (using same SE)

Combining Erosion & Dilation :
Eliminating Irrelevant Detail and
Restoring
Structuring element B = 13x13 pixels of gray level 1

Opening and Closing
 Opening
• Smoothes the contour of an object,
• breaks narrow isthmuses, and
• eliminates thin protrusions.
 Closing
• Smooth sections of contours but,
• fuses narrow breaks and long thin gulfs,
• eliminates small holes, and
• fills gaps in the contour.

Opening
 Like “smoothing from the inside”.

 The opening of set A by structuring element B,
denoted A ∘ B, is defined as:
A  B  ( A  B)  B
 Thus, the opening A by B is the erosion of A by B,
followed by dilation of the result by B.

Opening
 Erosion followed by dilation.

Example: Opening
 Erosion followed by Dilation.

Example: Opening

Example: Opening

Example: Opening

Closing
 Like “smoothing from the outside”.

 The closing of set A by structuring element B,
denoted A• B, is defined as:
A  B  ( A  B)  B
 Dilation of A by B, followed by erosion of the result
by B.

Example: Closing
 Dilation followed by erosion.

Example: Closing

Example: Closing

Example: Closing

Example: Closing

Useful: Open & Close

Application:
Filtering Operation

Some Basic Morphological Algorithms:
Boundary Extraction
 The boundary of a set A, denoted by β(A),can be obtained by
first eroding A and B and then performing the set difference
between A and its erosion.
 ( A)  A  ( A  B)
 B is a structuring element.

Example: Boundary Extraction

Hole filling/Region Filling
 Hole: A background region surrounded by a connected border of
foreground pixels.
 Filling a background region surrounded by a connected border of
foreground pixels.

Hole filling/Region Filling
X k  ( X k 1  B)  A c
k  1,2,3,...

Thinning
 Is a process where the binary-

valued image regions are
reduced to lines or skeleton.

Thinning
A  B  A  ( A  B)
 A  ( A  B) c

Thickening
 Thickening is a morphological
operation that is used to grow
selected regions of foreground
pixels in binary images.
 Normally, thickening is done
by thinning the background of
the set of interest, and then
complementing the result.
 Followed by post-processing
to remove disconnected
pixels.

Thickening
A  B  A  ( A  B)


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PLT 425

School of Mechatronic Engineering

 Morphological operations are originally developed for

School of Mechatronic Engineering

School of Mechatronic Engineering

School of Mechatronic Engineering

 A binary image can be considered as a set by

 Used to extract image components that are useful in the

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School of Mechatronic Engineering

7 School of Mechatronic Engineering

School of Mechatronic Engineering

The basic operations of binary morphology are:

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 Structuring element (SE) is small sets or sub-images

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Erosion of a set A by structuring element B: all z in A such

Shrink the object

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Dilation of a set A by structuring element B: all z in A such

Grow the object

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Structuring element B = 13x13 pixels of gray level 1

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 Like “smoothing from the inside”.

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 Like “smoothing from the outside”.

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