Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Anne Reilly
Department of Physics
College of William and Mary
After reviewing this lecture, you should be familiar with:
N
m1 m2
U D 3
r
S
Langevin function
Consider graphical solution:
Other materials:
Cobalt (Co), Tc=1404 K
Nickel (Ni), Tc= 631K
Weiss theory is a good phenomenological theory of magnetism,
But does not explain source of large Weiss field.
e2
UC ~ 10 18 J (105 K !)
40 r 2
The Exchange Interaction
H H 1 H 2 H 12 r1 r2
2 Ze 2 +
H1 1 Ze
2me 40 r1
2 2
Ze
H2 2
2me 40 r2
2
e
H 12
40 r12 2 2
j 2 2 2
2
x j y j z j
Using one electron approximation:
s (r1 , r2 )
1
1 (r1 )2 (r2 ) 2 (r1 )1 (r2 ) singlet
2
A (r1 , r2 )
1
1 (r1 )2 (r2 ) 2 (r1 )1 (r2 ) triplet
2
1* (r1 )H 11 (r1 )d 3r1 2* (r1 )H 12 (r1 )d 3r1
1* (r2 )H 21 (r2 )d 3r2 2* (r2 )H 22 (r2 )d 3r2 Individual energies
(ionization) = 2I1 + 2I2
1* (r1 )2* (r2 )H 121 (r1 )2 (r2 )d 3r1d 3r2
Coulomb repulsion = 2K12 2* (r1 )1* (r2 )H 122 (r1 )1 (r2 )d 3r1d 3r2
1* (r1 )2* (r2 )H 122 (r1 )1 (r2 )d 3r1d 3r2
2* (r1 )1* (r2 )H 121 (r1 )2 (r2 )d 3r1d 3r2 Exchange terms =2 J12
We can write energy as:
E I1 I 2 K12 J12
Heisenberg and Dirac showed that the 4 spin states above are
Eigenstates of operator S1 S 2
S, ,
(Pauli spin matrices)
2
Hamiltonian of interaction can be written as (called exchange
energy or Hamiltonian):
H ex 2 JSi S j
J is the exchange parameter (integral)
Assume a lattice of spins that can take on values +1/2 and -1/2
(Ising model)
n n N
Define R (spin excess) note: M m B R
N V
~
Then
E
( k ) E ( k ) I S R / 2 ~ I s (n n )
E (k ) E (k )
~
E (k ) E (k ) I S R / 2 2N
f , ~
exp E (k ) I s R / 2 EF / kT
1
Band (Stoner) Model
Let R be small, use Taylor expansion:
x
3
2
g ( x x / 2) g ( x x / 2) g ' ( x)x g ' ' ' ( x) ...
3! 2
with x I s R
1 f (k ) 1 f (k ) 3
R ~ ( I s R) ~ 3 s ( I R ) 3
...
N k E (k ) 24 N k E (k )
f V f V ~
k E~ (2 )3 N dk E~ 2 3 N dk ( ( E EF ))
(at T=0)
V
D( EF ) f(E)
2
D.O.S.: density of states at Fermi level
EF E
Band (Stoner) Model
Let D E F
~ V
D( EF ) Density of states per atom per spin
2N
Third order terms
R DEF I s R O(3)
Then
~
R(1 DEF I s ) O
~ (3)
When is R> 0?
DEF I s 1
~
1 DEF I s 0
~ or
Stoner Condition for Ferromagnetism