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Electric Charge
Coulomb’s Law
Objectives
1. Describe and calculate the forces between like and unlike
electric charges.
2. Identify the parts of the atom that carry electric charge.
3. Apply the concept of an electric field to describe how
charges exert force on other charges.
4. Sketch the electric field around a positive or negative
point charge.
5. Describe how a conductor shields electric fields from its
interior.
6. Describe the voltage and current in a circuit with a
battery, switch, resistor, and capacitor.
7. Calculate the charge stored in a capacitor.
Vocabulary Terms
charge electrons capacitance
electrically neutral gravitational field charge
static electricity charged polarization
positive charge induction shielding test
negative charge Coulomb’s law charge
electric forces capacitor farad
charge by friction parallel plate field inverse
electroscope capacitor square law
protons microfarad discharged field
neutrons coulomb lines
electric field
Electric Charge
Key Question:
How do electric charges
interact?
Electric Charge
All ordinary matter contains
both positive and negative
charge.
You do not usually notice the
charge because most matter
contains the exact same
number of positive and
negative charges.
An object is electrically
neutral when it has equal
amounts of both types of
charge.
Electric Charge
Objects can lose or gain electric
charges.
The net charge is also sometimes
called excess charge because a
charged object has an excess of
either positive or negative charges.
A tiny imbalance in either positive
or negative charge on an object is
the cause of static electricity.
Electric Charge
Electric charge is a property
of tiny particles in atoms.
The unit of electric charge
is the coulomb (C).
A quantity of charge should
always be identified with a
positive or a negative sign.
Electric forces
Electric forces are created between all electric charges.
Because there are two kinds of charge (positive and negative)
the electrical force between charges can attract or repel.
Electric forces
The forces between the two kinds of charge can be
observed with an electroscope.
Electric forces
Charge can be transferred by conduction.
Electric current
The direction of current was historically defined as the
direction that positive charges move.
Both positive and negative charges can carry current.
In conductive liquids (salt
water) both positive and
negative charges carry
current.
In solid metal conductors,
only the electrons can move,
so current is carried by the
flow of negative electrons.
Electric current
Current is the movement of electric charge through a
substance.
Constant
9 x109 N.m2/C2
Force
(N) F = K q1 q2 Charges (C)
r2
Distance (m)
Coulomb's Law
The force between two
charges gets stronger as the
charges move closer
together.
The force also gets stronger
if the amount of charge
becomes larger.
Coulomb's Law
The force between two
charges is directed along
the line connecting their
centers.
Electric forces always occur
in pairs according to
Newton’s third law, like all
forces.
Coulomb's Law
The force between charges is
directly proportional to the
magnitude, or amount, of
each charge.
Doubling one charge doubles
the force.
Doubling both charges
quadruples the force.
Coulomb's Law
The force between charges is
inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between
them.
Doubling the distance reduces
the force by a factor of 22 = (4),
decreasing the force to one-
fourth its original value (1/4).
This relationship is called an
inverse square law because force
and distance follow an inverse
square relationship.
Calculating force
Capacitance
(coulombs/volt)
Charge
(C) q = CV Voltage (volts)
Key Question:
How does a capacitor work?