Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Chapter 18
Chemistry of the
Environment
John D. Bookstaver Chemistry
St. Charles Community College of the
Environment
Cottleville, MO
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Atmosphere
• Temperature varies
greatly with altitude.
• However, there is
not a linear
relationship between
altitude and
temperature.
Chemistry
of the
Environment
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Atmosphere
Although the
relationship between
altitude and
pressure is not
linear, pressure
does decrease with
an increase in
altitude.
Chemistry
of the
Environment
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Radiation
The
atmosphere is
the first line of
defense against
radiation from
the Sun.
Chemistry
of the
Environment
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Composition of the Atmosphere
Chemistry
of the
Environment
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Photoionization
Chemistry
of the
Environment
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Ozone Depletion
Chemistry
of the
Environment
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Chlorofluorocarbons
Chemistry
of the
Environment
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Troposphere
Although the troposphere is made up almost
entirely of nitrogen and oxygen, other gases
present in relatively small amounts still have
a profound effect on the troposphere.
Chemistry
of the
Environment
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Sulfur
Chemistry
of the
Environment
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Sulfur
• SO2 can be
removed by
injecting powdered
limestone which is
converted to
calcium oxide.
• The CaO reacts
with SO2 to form a
precipitate of
calcium sulfite. Chemistry
of the
Environment
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Carbon Monoxide
• Carbon monoxide
binds preferentially to
the iron in red blood
cells.
• Exposure to significant
amount of CO can
lower O2 levels to the
point that loss of
consciousness and
death can result.
Chemistry
of the
Environment
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Carbon Monoxide
As a result,
government emission
standards for
automobile exhaust
have become
continually more
stringent.
Chemistry
of the
Environment
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide
• Gases in the atmosphere form an
insulating blanket that causes the
Earth’s thermal consistency.
• Two of the most important such
gases are carbon dioxide and
water vapor.
Chemistry
of the
Environment
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide
• This blanketing effect is
known as the
“greenhouse effect.”
• Water vapor, with its high
specific heat, is a major
factor in this moderating
effect.
• But increasing levels of
CO2 in the atmosphere
may be causing an
unnatural increase in
atmospheric Chemistry
of the
temperatures. Environment
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Oceans
• The vast ocean
contains many
important compounds
and minerals.
• However, the ocean is
only a commercial
source of sodium
chloride, bromine,
and magnesium.
Chemistry
of the
Environment
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Desalination
• “Water, water
everywhere, and not a
drop to drink.” Seawater
has too high a
concentration of NaCl for
human consumption.
• It can be desalinated
through reverse osmosis.
Chemistry
of the
Environment
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Reverse Osmosis
• Water naturally flows through a
semipermeable membrane from regions of
higher water concentration to regions of
lower water concentration.
• If pressure is applied, the water can be
forced through a membrane in the opposite
direction, concentrating the pure water.
Chemistry
of the
Environment
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Water Purification
• Ozone or chlorine is
used to disinfect the
water before it is sent
out to consumers.
Chemistry
of the
Environment
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Green Chemistry
Chemistry
of the
Environment
© 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.