MATHENG4 Differential Equations

MATH 7
Differential
Equations
Prepared by:
Engr. Mark Joseph Bugarin
CHAPTER
Introduction to
Differential Equations
Introduction to Differential Equations
SECTION 1 DEFINITIONS
are equations involving derivatives of one

or more dependent variables with respect
to one or more independent variables.
𝑑2 𝑦 2
2
− 4𝑥𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
3 2
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑃 +𝑄 − 𝑅 sin 𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡
𝜕2𝑚 𝜕2𝑚
2
+ 2 =𝑚
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡
When an equation involves one or more

derivatives with respect to a particular
variable, that variable is called
independent variable.
A variable is called dependent variable if

a derivative of that variable occurs.
Dependent Variable
𝑑2 𝑦 2
2
− 4𝑥𝑦 =0
Independent Variable 𝑑𝑥
3 2
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑃 +𝑄 − 𝑅 sin 𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡
Parameters
𝜕2𝑚 𝜕2𝑚
2
+ 2 =𝑚
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡
CLASSIFICATION BY TYPE
Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) are
equations where the derivatives are taken
with respect to only one variable.
Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) are
equations that depend on partial
derivatives of several variables.
𝑑2 𝑦 2
2
− 4𝑥𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
Ordinary
Differential
Equations (ODE)
3 2
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑃 +𝑄 − 𝑅 sin 𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡
Partial
𝜕2𝑚 𝜕2𝑚 Differential
2
+ 2 =𝑚 Equation (PDE)
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡
CLASSIFICATION BY ORDER AND DEGREE

Order of a differential equation is the
order of the highest derivative appearing
in the equation.
Degree of a differential equation is the
power of the highest-order derivative.
Second Order (Order-Two)
𝑑2 𝑦 2
2
− 4𝑥𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
Second Degree
3 2
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑃 +𝑄 − 𝑅 sin 𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡
𝜕2𝑚 𝜕2𝑚
2
+ 2 =𝑚
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡
CLASSIFICATION BY LINEARITY
Linear Differential Equation is one in which the

dependent variable and its derivative appear
additive combinations of their power. The
dependent variable and all its derivatives are of first
degree. Each term of a linear equation has
coefficient and will only depends on the
independent variable.
𝑑2 𝑦 2
2
− 4𝑥𝑦 =0 Linear in y
𝑑𝑥
3 2
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑃 +𝑄 − 𝑅 sin 𝑡 = 0 Non-linear
𝑑𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡
𝜕2𝑚 𝜕2𝑚
2
+ 2 =𝑚 Linear
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡
Exercise 1. Classification of Differential Equations

Classify the following differential equation as ordinary differential
equation (ODE) or a partial differential equation (PDE), give the order
and degree, and indicate the independent and dependent variable.
Indicate whether the equation is linear or nonlinear.
𝑑𝑦 𝑦(2 − 3𝑥 ሻ
1. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥(1 − 3𝑦ሻ
(Competition between species)

2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2. 1 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=0
(Flow of Gases through a porous medium – Kiddler’s Equation)

2
𝜕𝑁 𝜕 𝑁 1 𝜕𝑁
3. 𝜕𝑡
= 2 +
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟
+ 𝑘𝑁
(Nuclear Fission)

4
𝑑 𝑦
4. 8 4 = 𝑥(1 − 𝑥ሻ
𝑑𝑥
(Deflection of beams)

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
5. +
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
= 0
(Laplace’s equation)
SECTION 2 ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS
A constant is a number whose value is fixed.
An arbitrary constant is a constant whose value

could be assumed to be anything as long as it does
not depend on other variables within the equation.
One way of obtaining differential equation

is by the elimination of arbitrary constants
appearing on the equation. The resulting
differential equation must always have the
highest order equivalent to the number of
arbitrary constants.
Exercise 2. Elimination of Arbitrary Constants

Obtain the differential equation of the following equation
by elimination of arbitrary constants.
1. 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝐴

ℎ
2. 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 +
𝑚
ℎ not to be eliminated.

3. 𝑥 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝐵ሻ
𝜔 not to be eliminated.

4. 2
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥𝑒 𝑥

5. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥
SECTION 3 FAMILIES OF CURVES
General solution of a differential equation is an

expression that contains all possible solutions with C
as an arbitrary constant for all x in the interval.
2
Example: 𝑥 = 𝑦 − ln 𝑦 + 1 + 𝐶
SECTION 3 FAMILIES OF CURVES
Particular solution of a differential equation is an

expression that contains particular value of the
constant C, satisfying the initial conditions.
2
Example: 𝑥 = 𝑦 − ln 𝑦 + 1 + 2
Exercise 3. Families of Curves

Obtain the differential equation of the family of plane
curves given below. Sketch several representative
members of the family.
Straight Lines.
1. Straight lines passing through origin.


Straight Lines.
2. Straight lines passing through (h, k).


Straight Lines.
3. Straight lines with slope and y-intercept equal.


Straight Lines.
4. Straight lines with slope and x-intercept equal.


Straight Lines.
Straight lines at fixed distance P from
5. the origin.

Circles
6. Circles with center at the origin.


Circles
7. Circles with fixed radius, r, and tangent to x-axis.


Circles
8. All circles.

Parabolas
9. Parabolas with vertex on the x-axis, with axis

parallel to the y-axis and with distance from t he
focus to vertex fixed as a.

Parabolas
10. Parabolas with vertex and focus on the x-axis.


Parabolas
11. Parabolas with axis parallel to the x-axis.


Cubics
12. Cubics 𝑐𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 𝑎ሻ with a held fixed.


Quartics
13. Quartics 𝑐 2 𝑦 2 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 𝑎ሻ3 with c held fixed.


Cardioids
14. Cardioids 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − sin 𝜃ሻ .


Cissoids
15. Cissoids 𝑟 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃 tan 𝜃 .

Assignment 3. Introduction to Differential Equations
CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.

2
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1. 5 2 −4 + 9𝑥 = 2 cos 3𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
(Mechanical Vibrations, Electrical Circuits, Seismology)

2
𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑦 1+
𝑑𝑥
=𝐶
(Brachistochrone Problem, Calculus of Variations)

2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3. 𝑑𝑥 2
− 0.1 1 − 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
+ 9𝑦 = 0
(van der Pol’s Equation, Triode Vacuum Tube)

2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4. 𝑥 2+
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑥𝑦 = 0
(Aerodynamics, Stress Analysis)

2 2
𝜕 𝑢 𝜕 𝑢
5. 𝑑𝑡 2
=𝑐 2
𝑑𝑥 2
(Wave Equation)
Assignment 3. Introduction to Differential Equation
ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS

6. 𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑦

7. 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵 sin 𝑥

8. 𝑦 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑒 4𝑥

9. 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥

10. 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥

FAMILIES OF CURVES
Straight Lines
11. Straight lines with algebraic sum of the intercepts

fixed as k.
FAMILIES OF CURVES
Circles
12. Circles with center on the line 𝑦 = −𝑥 and

passing through origin.
FAMILIES OF CURVES
Parabolas
13. Parabolas with axis parallel to x-axis and with

distance from the vertex to focus fixed as k.
FAMILIES OF CURVES
Strophoids
14. Strophoids 𝑟 = 𝑎 (sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃ሻ .


FAMILIES OF CURVES
Confocal Central Conics
15. Confocal central conics, with a and b held fixed.

𝑥2 𝑦2
2
+ 2 =1
𝑎 +𝜆 𝑏 +𝜆
CHAPTER
First - Order
First – Order Differential Equations
SECTION 1 SEPARABLE EQUATIONS
A simple class of first-order differential

equations that can be solved using
integration is the class of separable
equations.
A first-order differential equation is separable if it

can be written
𝑑𝑦
from = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦ሻ
𝑑𝑥
to ℎ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 ln 𝑥 ln 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥+𝑦
𝑒 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥
sec 𝑑𝑦 = sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Exercise 1. Separable Equations
Obtain the general and particular solution of the following

separable equations.
1. 1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0
when 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = 2

2. 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑦 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
when 𝑥 = 𝜋 and 𝑦 = 1

3. 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑏 (cos 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃ሻ

1 𝜋
when 𝑟 = and 𝜃 =
2 6

4. 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
1
when 𝑥 → ∞ and 𝑦 →
2

5. sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 + cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑦′ = 0

𝜋 5𝜋
when 𝑥 = and 𝑦 =
4 2
SECTION 2 HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS
A simple class of first-order differential

equations that can be solved using
integration is the class of separable
equations.

MATHENG4 Differential Equations

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MATH 7

are equations involving derivatives of one

When an equation involves one or more

A variable is called dependent variable if

CLASSIFICATION BY ORDER AND DEGREE

Linear Differential Equation is one in which the

Exercise 1. Classification of Differential Equations

Exercise 1. Classification of Differential Equations

Exercise 1. Classification of Differential Equations

Exercise 1. Classification of Differential Equations

Exercise 1. Classification of Differential Equations

A constant is a number whose value is fixed.

An arbitrary constant is a constant whose value

One way of obtaining differential equation

Exercise 2. Elimination of Arbitrary Constants

Exercise 2. Elimination of Arbitrary Constants

Exercise 2. Elimination of Arbitrary Constants

Exercise 2. Elimination of Arbitrary Constants

Exercise 2. Elimination of Arbitrary Constants

General solution of a differential equation is an

Particular solution of a differential equation is an

Exercise 3. Families of Curves

1. Straight lines passing through origin.

Exercise 3. Families of Curves

2. Straight lines passing through (h, k).

Exercise 3. Families of Curves

3. Straight lines with slope and y-intercept equal.

Exercise 3. Families of Curves

4. Straight lines with slope and x-intercept equal.

Exercise 3. Families of Curves

Exercise 3. Families of Curves

6. Circles with center at the origin.

Exercise 3. Families of Curves

7. Circles with fixed radius, r, and tangent to x-axis.

Exercise 3. Families of Curves

Exercise 3. Families of Curves

9. Parabolas with vertex on the x-axis, with axis

Exercise 3. Families of Curves

10. Parabolas with vertex and focus on the x-axis.

Exercise 3. Families of Curves

11. Parabolas with axis parallel to the x-axis.

Exercise 3. Families of Curves

12. Cubics 𝑐𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 𝑎ሻ with a held fixed.

Exercise 3. Families of Curves

13. Quartics 𝑐 2 𝑦 2 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 𝑎ሻ3 with c held fixed.

Exercise 3. Families of Curves

14. Cardioids 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − sin 𝜃ሻ .

Exercise 3. Families of Curves

15. Cissoids 𝑟 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃 tan 𝜃 .

Assignment 3. Introduction to Differential Equations

CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.

Assignment 3. Introduction to Differential Equations

CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.

Assignment 3. Introduction to Differential Equations

CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.

Assignment 3. Introduction to Differential Equations

CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.

Assignment 3. Introduction to Differential Equations

CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.

Assignment 3. Introduction to Differential Equation

ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS

Obtain the differential equation of the following equation

Assignment 3. Introduction to Differential Equation