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VERTICAL VESSEL FOUNDATION

AGENDA

• TYPES OF VERTICAL VESSEL SUPPORTS


• DESIGN LOAD CLASSIFICATION
• DESIGN LOAD CONSIDERATIONS
 VERTICAL LOADS
 HORIZONTAL LOADS
 LOAD COMBINATIONS

• PEDESTAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS


• FOOTING SIZING
• GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
VERTICAL VESSELS

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TYPES OF VERTICAL VESSELS
SUPPORTS

VESSEL
SKIRT SUPPORTED SUPPORTED ON SIDE SUPPORTED VERTICAL VESSEL
VERTICAL VESSELS LEGS LUGS WITH REBOILERS

BRACED LEGS CANTILEVERED


REBOILERS

UNBRACED LEGS REBOILERS ON


SEPARATE
STRUCTURES

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Vertical vessel supported on skirts

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Vessel supported on unbraced legs

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Vessel supported on braced legs

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Typical Scheme of lug

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Side supported lugs
Side legs are provided
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Cantilevered Reboilers attached to Vessel

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DESIGN LOAD CLASSIFICATION

VERTICAL LOADS HORIZONTAL LOADS

TEST LOAD DEAD LIVE LOADS ON EARTHQUAKE THERMAL


PLATFORMS
WIND LOAD LOADS
(DT) LOADS LOADS

FITTING &
EMPTY OPERATING FIXTURE SNOW & ICE PIPING WEIGHT
LOAD (DE) LOAD (DO) WEIGHT LOAD (if significant)

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DESIGN LOAD CONSIDERATIONS: VERTICAL LOADS
DEAD LOADS
• Structure load (Ds) - Weight of the foundation and weight of the soil above the foundation that
are resisting uplift.

• Pedestal load (Dp) is a part of Ds representing the weight of the pedestal used in the calculation
of tension in pedestal dowels.

• Erection load (Df) - Fabricated weight of the vessel generally taken from the certified vessel
drawing.

• Empty load (De) - Empty weight of the vessel, including all attachments, trays, internals,
insulation, fireproofing, agitators, piping, ladders, platforms, etc..

• Operating load (Do) - Empty dead load of the vessel plus the maximum weight of contents
(including packing/catalyst) during normal operation. Increase 15% of operating load for piping,
platforms etc.

• Test load (Dt) - Empty dead load of the vessel plus the weight of test medium contained in the
system. The test medium should be as specified in the contract documents or as specified by the
owner. The test medium should have specific gravity of not less than 1.0. It should be specified if
the cleaning fluid used is heavier than test fluid.
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LIVE LOADS

Definition:

Live loads, or imposed loads, are temporary, moving and of short duration.

In context of Vertical Vessels, Live loads are usually taken on the Access platforms.

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DESIGN LOAD CONSIDERATIONS: HORIZONTAL LOADS

Following horizontal loads are considered while designing the horizontal vessel:

• Wind load,

• Seismic load, and

• Thermal load.

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WIND LOAD

• Wind load is the load which is applied on a structure due to the blowing winds.

• Wind load is calculated using ASCE 7 or Eurocode (BS EN 1991-1-4).

• Effect of wind on the cross wind direction (i.e. Vortex Shedding) should be considered.

• Some of the provisions for wind load calculation are listed below:

 Wind Loads for Petrochemical Facilities: Add 5 feet (1.52m) to the diameter of the
vessel as the projected width, or add 3 feet (0.91m) plus diameter of the largest pipe to the
diameter of the vessel, which ever is greater.

- The vessel height should be increased by one times vessel diameter to account for a large
diameter pipe and platforms attached above the top tangent.

- The increase in vessel height or diameter to account for wind on appurtenances should not
be used in calculating the h/D ratio for force coefficients or flexibility.

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WIND LOAD

 Recommendations: The effect of wind loads acting on temporary scaffolding erected


during construction or for subsequent maintenance which will be transferred to the vessel or
column shall be considered. The overall width of the scaffolding can be taken as 1.5m on
each side of the vessel with 50% closed surface and shape factor 1.

- Wind load on equipment shall include an allowance for piping and platforms. The design
diameter shall be greater than the actual diameter D, as follows:

Vertical Equipment Diameter (m) Design Diameter (m)


< 1.75 1.5
1.75 – 3.5 1.33
>3.5 1.15
SEISMIC LOADS
• Seismic loading is one of the basic concepts of earthquake engineering which means application
of an earthquake-generated agitation to a structure. It happens at contact surfaces of a structure
either with the ground.

• Seismic Response Modification Factor (R) from ASCE 7-05 for Vertical Vessel Types:

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SEISMIC LOADS

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LOAD COMBINATIONS SYMBOLS & NOTATIONS

•D- Dead Load


COMBINED FACTORED LOADS COMBINED NOMINAL LOADS USING
USING STRENGTH DESIGN ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN
•E- Earthquake Load

1.4 (D+F) D+F •F- weight due to fluids


(defined pressures &
1.2(D+F+T)+ 1.6 (L+H)+ 0.5 (Lr or S or R) D+H+F+L+T
heights).
1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R)+ (L or 0.8W) D+H+F+(Lr or S or R)
•H- pressure due to
1.2D+ 1.6W+ L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) D+H+F+ 0.75(L+T)+ 0.75(Lr or S or R) lateral earth pressure,
ground water pressure or
1.2D + 1.0E+ L +0.2S D+H+F+ (W or 0.7E) pressure due to bulk
0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H D+H+F+ 0.75 (W or 0.7E)+ 0.75L +0.75(Lr
materials.
or S or R)
• T- Self Straining Force
0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H 0.6D+ W + H

- 0.6D + 0.7E +H •L- live load

•Lr - roof live load


Case -Vertical Vessels foundations : Also check for test weight (1.4*(Ds+Dt))
•S- Snow Load

• W- Wind Load

• R- Rain Load
PEDESTAL SIZING AND DESIGN
PEDESTAL SIZING CONSIDERATIONS:

• On the basis of standard available forms for the project, the pedestal size is ascertained. When
form information is not available, octagon pedestal dimensions should be sized with pedestal faces
in 2-inch increments to allow use of standard manufactured forms.

• Face-to-face pedestal size should be no less than the largest of the


following:
BC + 9 inches
BC + 8 (BD) (for Grade 36 anchor bolts)
BC + 12 (BD) (for high-strength anchor bolts)
BC + SD + 9 inches - (BD)
BC + SD + 7 (BD) (for Grade 36 anchor bolts)
BC + SD + 11 (BD) (for high-strength anchor bolts)

where:
BC = bolt circle, inches
BD = bolt diameter, inches
SD = sleeve diameter, inches

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• Pedestals 6 ft and larger should be octagonal. The pedestals smaller than 6 ft should be square, or
round if forms are available.

• It is normally desirable to make the pedestal deep enough to contain the anchor bolts and to keep
them out of the footing.

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PEDESTAL REINFORCEMENT
• The pedestal should be tied to the footing with sufficient dowels around the pedestal perimeter to
prevent separation of the pedestal and footing. Development of reinforcing steel should be checked.

• Dowels should be sized by computing the maximum tension existing at the pedestal perimeter
attributable to overturning moments.

Tension, Fu = 4(Muped)/[(Nd)(DC)] – 0.9[(De or Do)+Dp]/Nd

• Minimum pedestal reinforcement should be as follows:

Octagons 6 ft - 0 inch to 8 ft - 6 inches:


16, #4 verticals with #3 ties at 15-inch maximum.
Octagons larger than 8 ft - 6 inches to 12 ft - 0 inch:
24, #5 verticals with #4 ties at 15-inch maximum.
Octagons larger than 12 ft - 0 inch:
#5 verticals at 18-inch maximum spacing with #4 ties at 15-inch maximum.

• Top reinforcement - A mat of reinforcing steel with minimum steel should be #4 bars at
12-inch maximum spacing across the flats in two directions only.

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FOOTING SIZING

• Footing acts as the base of a foundation and transmit the superimposed load to the soil.
• Footings may be rested directly over the soil or on piles depending upon the bearing capacity
of soil and the superimposed load.

• Footings for vertical vessels may be octagonal or square and sized based on standard
available form sizes.

• When form information is not available, footing dimensions should be sized with footing
faces in 2-inch increments to allow use of standard manufactured forms.

• If extended to the recommended depth specified in the geotechnical report, the pedestal may
be adequate without a footing.
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GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

• Footings smaller than 7 ft - 0 inch in diameter should be square.

• Where a footing is required, the footing thickness should be a minimum of 12 inches.

• The footing thickness should also be checked for top tension without top reinforcement in
accordance with ACI 318.

• Increasing the footing thickness is typically more cost effective for construction than adding a
top mat of reinforcing steel except where seismic effects create tensile stresses requiring top
reinforcement.

• Footings shall be proportioned to resist the factored loads and induced reactions.

• Base area of footing or number and arrangement of piles shall be determined from unfactored
forces and moments transmitted by footing to soil or piles and permissible soil pressure or
permissible pile capacity determined through principles of soil mechanics.

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THANK YOU

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