FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

KFOUED2
10:30 – 1:30
 INTRODUCTION
EDUCATION
• Is based on foundation;
• Strong foundation are needed for support, for
protection;
• needs to be firm and sound in order to last.
 Several foundations
1. Psychological
 behavior, response to situations

2. Sociological
 study of people and their social behavior
 Several foundations
3. Anthropological
 civilizations, cultural development, beliefs,
customs
4. Philosophical
 way of thinking, study of truth or principles
5. Historical
 past events
 Why is it needed to Education?
 development of education is based on
foundation;
 curriculum content is influenced by the
foundations and the people connected with
each discipline.
 Chapter 1: Human Nature and the
Individual Differences
Pre-natal period = to birth
Infancy = 0 to 1 month
Babyhood = 1month to 2 years
Childhood = 2 to 6; 6 to 12 years
Puberty = 11 to 13 years
Adolescence = 13 to 17; 18 to 21
Adulthood = 21 to 40
Middle Age = 40 to 60
Old Age = 60 and above
 Chapter 1: Human Nature and the Individual
Differences

Development is individualistic; it varies from

one person to another.

 Prime of life occurs at 30 – 42 years old

- strives for success, tries to reach goal
- frustration makes him unhappy and
maladjusted.
 Chapter 1: Human Nature and the Individual
Differences

 Middle Age (40-60)

– self actualization has reached.
- peak of professional career
- pre-menopausal / andropausal period
 Chapter 1: Human Nature and the Individual
Differences

 Old Age (60 and above)

- physical and personality changes
- strength and health decreases
- period of adjustment and retirement
 Implications to education?
• Parents / teachers should not expect same
degree of development in children. Not too
pushy, not to compare.

• Parents / teachers should be concerned if the

child is behind his stage of development –
advise to consult a Doctor.
 Implications to education?
• Parents / teachers should help children with
development task at each stage of life.
Chapter 2: The Learning Process and
Theories of learning
 Learning
• Any change in a person or his behavior as a
result of experience is – Learning.

• Any change that takes place to a person.

 Results of Learning
• Knowledge and Information (Cognitive)

• Habits and Skills (Psychomotor)

• Attitudes and Appreciation (Attitude / values)

Thorndike’s Connectionism Theory
• Stimulus and response
• reward or satisfaction vs. punishment –
dissatisfaction
• Law of effect – if a thing is to be learned
frequent repetitions of stimulus.
• Practice makes perfect.
 Pavlov’s Classical or respondent
Conditioning Theory

• association between a conditioned stimulus

and a response is strengthened by repeated
presentation with the unconditional stimulus.
Instrumental or Operant Conditioning

• Stimulus – response pattern is strengthened

by immediately following the response with
the re-inforcing stimulus.
 Factors Affecting Learning
• Motivation
• Re-inforcement
• Extinction - to let something die out or be
forgotten by disuse.
• Association - connections
 Factors Affecting Learning
• Interest
• Reward or punishment – should be immediate
• Recency – frequent review
• Laws of learning – law of readiness, exercise
and effects.