Overview of Disaster and Hazard

Dr.dr.Taufik Suryadi,SpF(K),Dipl.BE
Terminology
 Hazard
 Disaster
 Vulnerability
 Capasity
 Risk
 Disaster management
 Disaster risk reduction
 Human right
Terminology
 HAZARD is any substance, phenomenon or situation,
which has the potential to cause disruption or
damage to people, their property, their services and
their environment
 DISASTER: 'Any occurrence that causes damage,
economic disruption, loss of human life and
deterioration in health and health services on a scale
sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from
outside the affected area or community.' (WHO)
Terminology
 RISK is the probability that negative consequences may
arise when hazards interact with vulnerable areas, people,
property, environment.
 RISK is a concept which describes a potential set of
consequences that may arise from a given set of
circumstances.
Terminology
 VULNERABILITY is a concept which describes factors
or constraints of an economic, social, physical or
geographic nature, which reduce the ability to
prepare for and cope with the impact of hazards.
 CAPASITY: The resources, means and strengths
possessed by persons, communities, societies or
countries which enable them to cope with,
withstand, prepare for, prevent, mitigate or quickly
recover from a disaster.
RISK
 Risk is a combination of the interaction of hazard, exposure,
and vulnerability. Parameters of Risk:
 Hazards are the source of risks
 Hazards create risks by exposing pre-existing vulnerabilities
 The risk that a community faces is mitigated by its level of
preparedness, response and recovery or readiness
 Hazards and Disasters

Disaster = interaction between a

hazard and a community
Potential for disaster based on:
– Hazards present in community
– Vulnerabilities of the community
– Disaster preparedness of the community
Disaster preparedness can affect the
hazard or the community at risk
 HAZARD / ANCAMAN

MODIFIKASI RISK PENCEGAHAN

EVENT

IMPACT

Vulnerability
(provided by nature
+ augmented by
man)

DAMAGE
(The destruction
and Injuries Absorbing
resulting from
The event
Capacity
Resilience
Buffering KETAHANAN
Capacity

Response
DISASTER
Hazard map
Hazard map
vulnerability
(kerentanan)

Capasity Hazard
(kemampuan) (ancaman)

Hazard
map (peta
Ancaman)
Classification of Hazards
 Natural
 Biological
 Technological
 Societal
Secondary hazards
These are hazards that follow as a result of other hazard events. Hazards
secondary to an earthquake may be listed as follows to illustrate the concept.
Primary hazard is the earthquake. Secondary hazards are
 • Building collapse
 • Dam failure
 • Fire
 • Hazardous material spill
 • Interruption of power/ water supply/ communication/ transportation/ waste disposal
 • Landslide
 • Soil liquefaction
 • Tsunami (tidal wave)
 • Water pollution
Hazards on the rise?
 Climate Change
 Sea level rise
 Global worming
 Urbanization
 Population growth
 Land degradation
 Poverty
 Disaster
The most important aspects to
remember about a disaster
are:
1. Disasters interrupt the normal
functioning of a community
2. Disasters exceed the coping
mechanisms (capacity) of the
community
3. External assistance is
needed to return to normal
functioning of a community
CLASSIFICATIONS OF DISASTER BASED ON DIFFERENT
PARAMETERS :

BASED ON ORIGIN / CAUSE :

- NATURAL DISASTERS
- MAN-MADE DISASTERS
BASED ON SOURCE :
- METEOROLOGICAL
- TOPOLOGICAL
- TECTONIC
- ACCIDENTS
BASED ON ONSET
- SUDDEN ONSET DISASTERS
- SLOW / INSIDIOUS ONSET DISASTERS
BASED ON ANTICIPATED RESPONSE
- LEVEL 1: LOCAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE
- LEVEL 2: LOCAL + REGIONAL EFFORT
- LEVEL 3: NASIONAL / INTERNASIONAL
 Examples of Natural Disasters
Earthquakes
Floods, sea surges,
tsunamis (seismic
sea waves)
Volcanic eruptions

Hurricanes/typhoons
, thunderstorms
Droughts
Epidemics
Fires, wildfires
EXAMPLES OF NATURAL DISASTER
 Avalanches
 Landslides
 Sandstorms
 Locust Swarms
 Tornado
 Winter storms
NATURAL DISASTER
UNNATURAL DISASTER
CLOSE DISASTER
OPEN DISASTER
Examples of Manmade Disasters
Hazardous
chemicals incidents
Conventional
warfare
Building collapse
Civil disturbance
Nuclear, biological
or chemical
incidents
Explosion
Aircraft crash
 Disaster Characteristics

Cause: natural or
man-made
Frequency
Duration
Speed of onset
Scope of impact
Destructive
potential

Fill in the Blank

 Characteristic Floods Earthquakes Droughts Epidemic Complex
Emergencies

Cause Natural or Natural Natural or manmade Natural or Manmade

manmade manmade

Speed of onset Slow or sudden Sudden Slow Slow or sudden Slow

Deaths Few Many Many May be many May be many

Disease outbreaks Possible Possible Possible (by definition) Common

Food shortage Common Rare Overwhelming Rare Common

Mass displacement Common Not common Common Not common Common

Injury potential May be high High Low Low May be high

Scope Wide or focal Wide Wide Wide or focal Wide

Duration Long or short Short Long Short or long Long

 Geography of Disasters
Total impact
area
Fringe impact
area
Filter area
Organized aid
area
 IMPORTANT POINTS
Disasters are not simply bigger than other incidents 
they have significant impact upon :
– Community
– People
– Resources Required
They produce long-term problems of rehabilitation
They produce :
– Deaths
– Injuries
– Disabilities
Disaster Management Cycle
Principles of disaster management
Prevention
Mitigation
Preparedness
Response
Recovery
Prevention
 Pencegahan (Prevention): upaya yang dilakukan untuk
mencegah terjadinya bencana dan jika mungkin
menghilangkan sama sekali atau mengurangi ancaman
bencana dan cara-cara untuk meminimalkan bencana-bencana
lingkungan, teknologi dan biologi terkait.
Disaster Risk Reduction
 Vulnerability and capability assessment
 Building capacity
 Community focused
 Involves healthcare sector
Mitigasi
 Mitigasi (Mitigation): Pengurangan atau pembatasan
dampak-dampak merugikan yang diakibatkan ancaman bahaya
dan bencana terkait.
 Dalam konteks perubahan iklim, mitigasi merujuk pada aksi-
aksi yang diambil untuk mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca.
Preparedness
 Kesiapsiagaan (Preparedness):upaya untuk
memperkirakan kebutuhan dalam rangka menghadapi situasi
kedaruratan dan mengidentifikasi kebutuhan sumber daya
untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut. Hal ini bertujuan agar
masyarakat mempunyai persiapan yang lebih baik untuk
menghadapi bencana.
Response
 Plan must include arrangements for internal and external
disasters
 Each hospital department should develop Standard Operating
Procedures (SOPs)
 Arrangements for continuation of normal hospital
departmental functions.
Recovery
 Pemulihan (Recovery): Restorasi - dan perbaikan jika perlu
- fasilitas, penghidupan dan kondisi hidup komunitas yang
terkena dampak bencana, termasuk upaya-upaya untuk
mengurangi faktor-faktor risiko bencana.
Rights and disasters
Every individual has the Right:
1. For protection and assistance at times of emergencies –
International humanitarian laws and national legislations do protect affected populations
during emergency situations
2. Right to Development – communities living in disaster-prone areas have the
right to protect their development efforts and achieve sustainable development – This can be
achieved through disaster risk reduction. As such, a specific human rights based approach for
disaster risk reduction should be developed
3. Right to an equal access to Education for all in particular:
 a) Access to school for those living in disaster affected areas
 b) Safe schools and disaster-resilient education infrastructures
 c) To allow all children to learn about disasters and risks to be more aware of surrounding
threats and be better prepared at times of disasters
4. A newly emerging challenge: climatic / environmental refugees and
displaced populations
 The impact of climate change on increased frequency and intensity of disasters has
led to wider movements of populations to safer areas
 Critical issues in human rights when considering
disaster management and reduction

Critical issues emerged in recent crises included the following:

 – Non-discrimination (of gender, age, ethnicity etc..)
 – Equality
 – Legal protection
 – Right to security
 – Access to health services
 – Shelter and housing
 – Clean water
 – Education
 – Compensation
 – Etc…
Conclusions
Disaster is interaction between a hazard and a
community and potential for disaster based on:
1. Hazards present in community
2. Vulnerabilities of the community
3. Disaster preparedness of the community

Principles of disaster management:

1. Risk management
2. Crisis management
Thank you