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PROTECTION
Glossary
● ANSI – American National Standards Institute
● HV, MV, LV – High, Medium, Low Voltage
● IEC – International Electrotechnical Committee
● IEEE – Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
● MCCB – Molded Case Circuit Breaker
● ACB – Air Circuit Breaker
● TCC – Time Coordinated Curves
● VT – Voltage Transformer
● CT – Current Transformer
● IED – Intelligent Electronic Devices
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Definition - Protection
● Primarily to protect equipments/assets connected directly
or indirectly to power system network from:
Faults (large currents)
Voltage drops or increase overtime
Frequency changes
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Tools of Protection
● First line of protection is by means of
protective devices such as relays, fuses
and MCCB
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Protective Devices
● Relays
Electromechanical (obsolete) and
Numerical also known as IED
Widely used in HV and MV network
Measures current and/or voltage of
network with a CT or VT
Implementation of both phase and earth fault protection in
one device
Fast tripping signals (<30 ms)
Require preset threshold levels (relay settings) to operate
Settings do not allow network to operate beyond the
specified threshold.
Send trip signals to trip coils in circuit breakers
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Relays
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Protective Devices
● Fuse
Implemented by ampere ratings depending on load current
Only for phase faults
When current flowing through the
fuse is over the rated limit, the fuse
element melts and created an open
circuit
Need to be replaced after each operation
● Tripping Unit (LV)
Implemented by ampere ratings depending on load current
Similar operation of fuse; operates when current flowing
through is above rated limit and circuit breaker trip
Typically embedded with ACB or MCCB
Can be reused again after each operation
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Types of Protection - Overcurrent
● Overcurrent (Phase and Earth)
Most common type of protection for feeders and small
transformers
● ANSI standard device number: 50/51, 50N/51N, 50G/51G
● Principle of operation is by:
Comparing measured current with the preset threshold
current (setting in relay)
If measured current is greater than setting, sends a trip
signal to open breaker
●Coordination is important as purpose is to isolate only
faulty section and leave rest of system undisturbed
Achieved by discrimination of current and time
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Types of Protection - Overcurrent
● Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay Characteristic
Time is inversely proportional to current
TCC curves (ANSI/IEEE or IEC standards)
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Curve Characteristics – ANSI/IEEE
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Curve Characteristics – IEC 6025
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Example – Overcurrent Protection
● Simple feeder overcurrent protection
Coordination required between OC Relay 1 to
LV CB 4 is required
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Example – Overcurrent Protection
● Correct Implementation
Breakers trip
sequentially
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Example – Overcurrent Protection
● Correct Implementation
Breakers do not
trip sequentially
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Types of Protection - Distance
● For long overhead lines and underground cables
● ANSI standard device number: 21
● Principle of operation is by:
Division of voltage at relaying point by current (Apparent
Impedance)
Compares with Reach Impedance (input parameter to the
relay)
If Apparent Impedance is smaller than Reach Impedance,
corresponding relay will send a trip signal to open breaker
A Apparent
Impedance B Reach Point
Reach Point
seen by Impedance
Impedance
Relays for RA
for RB
RA RB
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Types of Protection - Distance
● Relay setting consist of zones (1 to 3) typically. These
zones are percentage of protected line impedances
● Distance relays use R-X Diagrams
The protected lines R and X values are
plotted on axis
Zone settings are set based on this line
impedance
● Two types of R-X Diagrams characteristics:
Mho Characteristic – used widely for phase
protection
Quadrilaterial characteristic – used
mainly for earth faults due to large
resistive reach (x-axis)
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Example 1 – Distance
● 3 Zone + 1 Reverse Zone protection Zone Coverage Op.
(%) Time (s)
Fault Relay Op. Zone Op. Time 1 80-85 <0.1
RAA 1 <0.1 2 110 0.5
F1
RAB 2 0.5 3 170 3
*R 30 3
*R = Reverse Zone
Reverse
Zone 3
Zone 2
Zone 1
Apparent Fault
A Impedance seen by
B
Zone 3 F1
Relays
RAA RBA RBC
Zone 2 Reverse
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Example 2 – Distance
Zone Coverage Op.
(%) Time (s)
Fault Relay Op. Zone Op. Time 1 80-85 <0.1
RAA 2 0.5 2 110 0.5
F2 RAB R 3 3 170 3
RBC R 3 *R 30 3
*R = Reverse Zone
Reverse
Zone 3
Zone 2
Zone 1
A B
Zone 3 F2
RAA RBA RBC
Zone 2 Reverse
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Types of Protection – Line Differential
● Can be applied for overhead lines and underground
cables
● ANSI standard device number: 87L
● Principle of operation is by:
Comparing currents flowing into the line to the currents flowing
out of the same line
Relay at one end communicates with other relay the measured
current through communication channel such as fibre, pilot wire
When fault occurs, current measured by one relay will be
different from current measured by relay at other end
Relays send trip signal to open corresponding breakers
Zone of protection
A B Interface MUX to
Communication Channel dedicated fibre
RA RB optics, etc
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Types of Protection – Line Differential
● Current comparison technique in relay
Differentiates between faults in the protected zone (internal fault)
F1 and outside of protected zone (external fault) F2
IL IR
A B
F1
Communication Channel F2
RA RB
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Types of Protection – Line Differential
● Tripping characteristics used by relay
Idifferential. - Differential current is calculated for tripping. If Idifferential is
greater than minimum set value, relay sends trip signal
Irestraint. – Restraint current is calculated to prevent nuisance
tripping (load current, communication error, etc..)
K=constant
Operating criteria:
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Example – Line Differential
● Internal Fault, F1
IL IR
A B
F1
Communication Channel
RA RB
Internal Fault
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Example – Line Differential
● External Fault, F2
IL IR
A B
Communication Channel F2
RA RB
External Fault
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Types of Protection – Transformer
Differential (Phase)
● Applied for transformers greater than 5 MVA
● ANSI standard device number: 87T
● Principle of operation is by:
Intake 2 sets of currents, computes differential and bias current
for differential tripping
Similar to Line Differential Protection
For internal faults only
Transformer
CT1 i1 i2 CT2
I1 I2
Differential Current: Id I 1 I 2
I 1 I 2
Restraint Current: Ir Id>
2
I1 I2
Zone of protection
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Types of Protection – Transformer
Differential (Restricted Earth Fault)
● Applied for transformers with neutral grounded
● ANSI standard device number: 87REF/87N
● Principle of operation is by:
Intake phase currents and neutral currents, computes differential
and bias current for differential tripping
Similarly for internal earth faults only
I1E I L1 I L 2 I L 3
Differential Current: Id I1E I 2 E
Biased Current: Ib MAX ( I1E I 2 E )
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Types of Protection - Others
● Under/Over Volatege Protection
ANSI standard device number: 27/59
Applied together with other protection such as distance or
overcurrent
To limit system voltage swings within certain band to
prevent equipment damage connected to power systems
Relays trip when measured voltage exceeds present
voltage band limit
● Under/Over Frequency Protection:
ANSI standard device number: 81U/81O
Applied to monitor overall system frequency; especially for
generator protection.
Under/Over frequency in power system may lead to
network collapse and eventually blackout!
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Types of Protection - Others
● Directional Overcurrent Protection
ANSI standard device number: 67
Applied when current can flow in both directions through
relay locations
For fault shown in figure,fault current can flow in reverse
direction through CT R’1 (infeed from line 2)
Direction protection
applied
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Protection Design Considerations
● Adequate protection coverage
Ensure no area is unprotected as fault in that area may not
be isolated fast
Type and location of CT are important for different
protection (furthest CTs used for differential protection)
● Do not complicate protection but do not compromise on
protection
● Use multifunction relays to implement various functions in
single relay -> less space on panels!
● If required, provide redundant protection with different
relay manufacturers to eliminate common mode failure
● Remember: Protection is ART and SCIENCE! As long as
protection is adequate, there is no right or wrong
protection.
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Thank you for your attention
Questions / Answers
Life Cycle
Services
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