Chapter I:

Introduction to
Digital Age
Sub-topics
▹ Intro d u ctio n to p hilo so p hies o f techno lo g y ,
o ld and new .
▹ 4 B asic C o m p u ting P erio d s
￭ P re-m echanical l A g e 2

￭ Mechanic al A g e
￭ E lectro Mechanical A g e
￭ E lectro nic A g e
▹ 1 9 th Centu ry (Ind u strial) T echno lo g y and the
p o w er o f the m achine
▹ Intro d u cing IC T sy stem s
 4 Basic
Computing
Periods
o P re-m echanical,
o Mechanical,
o E lectro m echanical,
and
o E lectro nic
 A. The Pre-
mechanical Age:
3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D.
1. Writing and Alphabets--
communication.

▹ F irst humans communicated only through

speaking and simple drawings known
as petrog lyths (sig ns o r sim p le fig u res 5

carved in ro ck).
▹ Many of these are pictog raphs -- p ictu res
o r sketches that visu ally resem ble that
which is d ep icted .
“

6
“

7
2. Paper and Pens

▹ F o r the S u m erians, inp u t techno lo g y co nsisted

o f a penlike device called a stylu s that co u ld
scratch m arks in wet clay.
8
▹ A bo u t 2 6 0 0 B .C ., the E g yptians disco vered
that they co u ld write o n the pap yru s p lant, u sing
ho llo w reeds o r ru shes to ho ld the first "ink" -
p u lverized carbo n o r ash m ix ed with lam p o il
and g elatin fro m bo iled d o nkey skin. O ther
so cieties wro te o n bark, leaves, o r leather. T he
C hinese develo ped techniq u es fo r m aking
paper fro m rag s, o n which m o d ern-d ay
paperm aking is based, aro u nd 100 A .D .
9
3. Books and Libraries

▹ R elig io u s lead ers in

Meso p o tam ia kep t the earliest 1
0
"bo o ks"
▹ T he E g yp tians kep t scro lls.
▹ A ro u nd 6 0 0 B .C ., the G reeks
beg an to fo ld sheets o f p ap yru s
vertically into leaves and bind
them to g ether.
 4. The First Numbering
Systems
▹ E g yp tian system :
￭ T he nu m bers 1 -9 as vertical lines, the
nu m ber 1 0 as a U o r circle, the nu m ber 1 0 0
as a co iled ro p e, and the nu m ber 1 , 0 0 0 as a 1
1
lo tu s blo sso m .
▹ T he first nu m bering system s sim ilar to tho se in
u se to d ay were invented between 1 0 0 and 2 0 0
A .D . by H ind u s in Ind ia who created a nine-d ig it
nu m bering system .
▹ A ro u nd 8 7 5 A .D ., the co ncep t o f zero was
d evelo p ed .
 5. The First Calculators.
▹ T he ex istence o f a co u nting
to o l called the abacu s, o ne
o f the very first info rm atio n
p ro cesso rs, p erm itted 1
2
p eo p le to "sto re" nu m bers
tem p o rarily and to
p erfo rm calcu latio ns u sing
bead s stru ng o n wires. It
co ntinu ed to be an
im p o rtant to o l thro u g ho u t
the Mid d le A g es
B. The Mechanical
Age: 1450 - 1840
1
3
1. T he F irst Inform ation E xplo sion.
▹ J ohann G utenberg (Mainz,
G erm any)
Invented the m o vable m etal-typ e
p rinting p ro cess in 1 4 5 0 .
▹ T he d evelo p m ent o f bo o k ind ex es 1
4
and the wid esp read u se o f p ag e
nu m bers.
2. The first g eneral purpose
"computers“
A ctu ally p eo p le who held the jo b title
"co m p u ter: o ne who wo rks with
3. Slide Rules, the
Pascaline and
Leibniz's Machine
▹ S lide R ule.
Early 1600s, William Oughtred, 1
5
an English clergyman, invented
the slide ruleEarly example of
an analog computer.
a device that allowed the user to
multiply and divide by sliding two
pieces of precisely machines
and scribed wood against each
other. — an instrument that
measures instead of counts.
 1
6

The Pascaline.
Invented by
Blaise Pascal
(1623-62).
Leibniz's Machine.

1
7

G ottfried W ilhelm von

Leibniz (1646-
1716), G erm an
m athem atician and
philosopher.
Babbage's Engines

1
8

C harles Babbage
(1792-1871),
eccentric English
mathematician
She helped Babbage design the instructions that
would be given to the machine on punch cards
(for which she has been called the "first
1
programmer") and to describe, analyze, and 9

publicize his ideas. Babbage eventually was

forced to abandon his hopes of building the
Analytical Engine, once again because of a failure
to find funding.

A ug usta A da B yron
(1815-52).
 C. The
Electromechanical
Age: 1840 - 1940.
1. The Beginnings of
Telecommunication
1. Voltaic Battery.
•Late 18th century.
2.Telegraph.
•Early 1800s.
3.Morse Code.
•Developed in1835 by Samuel Morse
2
•Dots and dashes. 1
4.Telephone and Radio.
•
Alexander Graham Bell.
•1876
5.Followed by the discovery that electrical waves travel
through space and can produce an effect far from the point at
which they originated.
6.These two events led to the invention of the radio
•Guglielmo Marconi
•1894
2. Electromechanical
Computing

2
2

H erm an H ollerith
and IB M.
H erm an
H o llerith (1 8 6 0 -
1 9 2 9 ) in 1 8 8 0 .
b. Mark 1.

2
3
D. The Electronic Age:
1940 - Present.
2
4
▹ F irst Tries.
￭ E arly 1 9 4 0 s
￭ E lectro nic vacu u m tu bes.
▹ E ckert and Mauchly.
￭ The First High-Speed, General-Purpose
Computer U sing V acuum T ubes:
2
E lectronic N um erical Integ rator and 5
C om puter (E N IA C )
T he E N IA C team (F eb 1 4 , 1 9 4 6 ). Left to
rig ht: J . P resp er E ckert, J r.; J o hn G rist
B rainerd ; S am F eltm an; H erm an H .
G o ld stine; J o hn W . Mau chly; H aro ld
P end er; Majo r G eneral G . L. B arnes; C o lo nel
P au l N . G illo n.
2
6
The First Stored-Program Computer(s)

2
7
ThUse: Universal Automatic Computer
(UNIVAC).
e First General-Purpose Computer
for Commercial

2
8
The Four Generations of Digital Computing.

The First Generation (1951-1958)

1.Vacuum tubes as their main logic

elements.
2.Punch cards to input
2
and externally store data. 9
3.Rotating magnetic drums
for internal storage of data and
programs
1. Programs written in
1. Machine language
2. Assembly language
1. Requires a compiler.
 The Second Generation (1959-1963)

1.Vacuum tubes replaced by transistors as

main logic element.
1. AT&T's Bell Laboratories, in the 1940s
2. Crystalline mineral materials
called semiconductors could be used
in the design of a device called
3
a transistor 0
2.Magnetic tape and disks began to replace
punched cards as external storage devices.
3.Magnetic cores (very small donut-shaped
magnets that could be polarized in one of two
directions to represent data) strung on wire
within the computer became the primary
internal storage technology.
1. High-level programming languages
1. E.g., FORTRAN and COBOL
The Third Generation (1964-1979).

1. Individual transistors were replaced

by integrated circuits.
2. Magnetic tape and
disks completely replace punch cards as
external storage devices.
3. Magnetic core internal memories began
3
to give way to a new form, metal oxide 1
semiconductor (MOS) memory, which,
like integrated circuits, used silicon-
backed chips.
1. Operating systems
2. Advanced programming languages
like BASIC developed.
1. Which is where Bill Gates and
Microsoft got their start in
1975.
 The Fourth Generation (1979- Present).

1.Large-scale and very large-scale integrated circuits (LSIs and

VLSICs)
2.Microprocessors that contained memory, logic, and control circuits
(an entire CPU = Central Processing Unit) on a single chip.
1. Which allowed for home-use personal computers or PCs,
like the Apple (II and Mac) and IBM PC.
1. Apple II released to public in 1977, by Stephen Wozniak
and Steven Jobs. 3
2
1. Initially sold for $1,195 (without a monitor); had
16k RAM.
2. First Apple Mac released in 1984.
3. IBM PC introduced in 1981.
1. Debuts with MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating
System)
2. Fourth generation language software products
1. E.g., Visicalc, Lotus 1-2-3, dBase, Microsoft Word, and
many others.
2. Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) for PCs arrive in
early 1980s
 •MS Windows debuts in 1983, but is
quite a clunker.
•Windows wouldn't take off until version 3
was released in 1990

3
Apple's GUI (on the first Mac) debuts in 1984. 3
 TED
Technology,
Entertainment, Designs

• T E D is a no npartisan no np ro fit
d evo ted to spread ing id eas,
u su ally in the fo rm o f sho rt,
po werfu l talks. TED began in Mission: Spead IDEAS
1984 as a conference where
Technology, Entertainment and
Design converged, and today
covers almost all topics — from
science to business to global
issues — in m o re than 1 1 0
lang u ag es. Meanwhile,
ind ep end ently ru n TE D x
events help share id eas in
co m m u nities aro u nd the
wo rld .
 Opening Case Study: I Love TED

A small non profit started in 1984, TED( technology, entertainment and Design)
hosts conferences for Ideas Worth Spreading. TED brings people from all over the
globe to share award-winning talks covering the most innovative, informative, and
exciting speeches ever again in 20 minutes. you can find TED talks by Al Gore, Bill
gates, Steve Jobs, Douglas Adams, Steven Levitt, Seth Godin, Malcom Gladwell,a
nd so on.
Visit www.ted.com and peruse thethousands of videos that are available;
then answer the following:
1. Review the TED website and find three talks you would want to watch. why
• • •
did you pick these three and will you make time outside of class to watch
them?
2. how can you gain a comparative aadvantage by watching TED?
3. How can you find innovative ideas for a start-up by watching TED?
4. How can you find competitive intelligence by watching TED?
 What is
Digital Age

36
▹ This is otherwise referred to as the Information A g e,
a histo ric perio d in the 2 1 st centu ry characterized
by the rapid shift fro m trad itio nal industry that the
Industrial Revolution brought through
industrialization, to an economy based on information
technology. Learn m o re in: R eso u rce S haring :
V ehicle fo r E ffective Library Info rm atio n
D issem inatio n and S ervices in T he D ig ital A g e
▹ Time frame in history that the use
3
7
of dig ital technology became prevalent and of
common use throughout the world. The dig ital
ag e beg an in earnest with the widespread u se o f
the Internet.Learn m o re in: E ng ag ing A d u lt
Learners with Inno vative T echno lo g ies
▹ It is also known as the information ag e when the
perso nal co m p u ter was intro d u ced in the 1970s
and then information technology was introduced to
provide users the ability to transfer information
easily and swiftly. Learn m o re in: S taff
R eflectio ns o n U sing E -A ssessm ent F eedback
in the D ig ital A g e
▹ The ag e of widespread use of technological 3
8
products and networks and technological methods’
over traditional methods in life practices. Learn
m o re in: S eeking S o lu tio ns fo r E nhancing
S o cial R elatio ns and C o m m u nicatio n in Media-
D epend ent C hild ren o f the D ig ital A g e
▹ T he cu rrent develo p m ent era in which so cial,
eco no m ic and p o litical activities/pro cesses are
d riven by ap p licatio n of
IC T s/dig ital technologies. Learn m o re in: A frica
and the C halleng es o f B rid g ing the D ig ital
▹ T his current era whereby so cial, eco no m ic and po litical
activities are dependent on information and communication
technologies. It is also known as the information ag e or
the dig ital era. Learn m o re in: P ro m o ting Library
S ervices in a D ig ital E nviro nm ent in Z im babwe
▹ From about 1980 on, coincidence with the advent of the
World Wide Web. Learn m o re in: C hang ing E x p ectatio ns
o f A cad em ic Libraries 3
▹ Sometimes referred to as the information ag e, or 9

computer ag e, the co ncept captu res the ubiq u ito u s

nature of computing and the prolific use of technology in
almost all aspects of human activity such
that dig ital interaction is a defining characteristic of human
activity. Learn m o re in: R eflective Learning in the D ig ital
A g e: Insig hts fro m C o nfu ciu s and Meziro w
▹ The widespread use of dig ital technologies by masses
such as computers, email, Internet, electronic games,
videos, so forth Learn m o re in: Im p lem enting E -
Learning in U niversity 2 .0 : A re U niversities R ead y fo r
the D ig ital A g e?
▹ From about 1980 on, coinciding with the advent of the
World Wide Web. Learn m o re in: C hang ing
E x p ectatio ns o f A cad em ic Libraries 4
0
▹ The generation in history during which the use
of dig ital technology became ubiquitous throughout the
world. Learn m o re in: E ffective E d u catio nal Lead ership
in the D ig ital A g e: A n E x am inatio n o f P ro fessio nal
Q u alities and B est P ractices
▹ A period characterized by communication based on
information technologies. Learn m o re in: Marketing
S em io tics in the D ig ital A g e
19th Century
(Industrial)
technology
 Industrial Revolution,
▹ the pro cess of change from an agrarian and handicraft
economy to one dominated
by industry and m achine m anu factu ring .
4
▹ pro cess began in B ritain in the 18th century and from there 2

spread to other parts of the world. Although used earlier by

French writers, the term Ind u strial R ev o lu tio n was first
popularized by the English economic historian A rno ld
T o ynbee (1852–83) to describe Britain’s economic
development from 1760 to 1840. Since Toynbee’s tim e the
term has been m o re bro ad ly applied .
 main features
▹ (1) the use of new basic materials, chiefly iro n and steel,
▹ (2) the use of new energ y sources, including both fuels and motive power,
such as co al, the steam eng ine, electricity, p etro leu m , and the internal-
co m bustio n eng ine,
▹ (3) the inventio n of new machines, such as the spinning jenny and the
power lo o m that perm itted increased p ro d u ctio n with a sm aller 4
expenditu re o f hum an energ y, 3

▹ (4) a new organization of work known as the facto ry system , which

entailed increased divisio n o f labo ur and specializatio n o f functio n,
▹ (5) important developments in transpo rtatio nand co m m u nicatio n,
including the steam lo co m o tive,
steamship, auto m o bile, airplane, teleg raph, and radio , and (6) the
increasing application of science to industry. These technological changes
made possible a tremendously increased use of natural resources and
the m ass pro ductio n o f m anufactu red g o o ds.
 new developments in non-industrial spheres
(1) agricultural improvements that made possible the provision of food for a larger
nonagricultural population,
(2) economic changes that resulted in a wider distribution of wealth, the decline
of landas a source of wealth in the face of rising industrial production, and
increased international trade,
(3) political changes reflecting the shift in economic power, as well as new state policies 4
4
corresponding to the needs of an industrialized society,
(4) sweeping social changes, including the growth of cities, the development of
working-class movements, and the emergence of new patterns of authority, and
(5) cultural transformations of a broad order. Workers acquired new and distinctive
skills, and their relation to their tasks shifted; instead of being craftsmen working
with hand tools, they became machine operators, subject to factory discipline.
Finally, there was a psychological change: confidence in the ability to use resources
and to master nature was heightened.
QUIZ #1
G O O D LU C K !

45
BIG
CONCEPT 4
6

B ring the attentio n

o f yo u r au d ience
o ver a key co ncep t
u sing ico ns o r
illu stratio ns
USE DIAGRAMS TO EXPLAIN
YOUR IDEAS
01

4
7

V estibu lu m nec
co ng u e tem p u s

03 02
AND TABLES TO COMPARE
DATA

A B C

4
8
Y ello w 10 20 7

B lue 30 15 10

O rang e 5 24 16
Want big impact?
USE BIG IMAGE.

49
 MAPS

our
o ffice

50
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That’s a lo t o f m o ney

185,244 USERS 5
1

A nd a lo t o f u sers

100%
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OUR PROCESS IS EASY

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first seco nd last

LET’S REVIEW SOME
CONCEPTS
Y ello w
Is the co lo r o f g o ld ,
bu tter and rip e
lem o ns. In the
sp ectru m o f visible
lig ht, yello w is
fo u nd between
g reen and o rang e.
Y ello w
Is the co lo r o f g o ld ,
bu tter and rip e
lem o ns. In the
sp ectru m o f visible
lig ht, yello w is
fo u nd between
g reen and o rang e.
B lue R ed
Is the co lo u r o f the Is the co lo r o f blo o d ,
clear sky and the and becau se o f this it
d eep sea. It is has histo rically been
lo cated between asso ciated with 5
vio let and g reen o n sacrifice, d ang er and 3
the o p tical co u rag e.
sp ectru m .
B lue R ed
Is the co lo u r o f the Is the co lo r o f blo o d ,
clear sky and the and becau se o f this it
d eep sea. It is has histo rically been
lo cated between asso ciated with
vio let and g reen o n sacrifice, d ang er and
the o p tical co u rag e.
sp ectru m .
ANDROID PROJECT
S ho w and ex p lain yo u r web,
ap p o r so ftware p ro jects u sing
these g ad g et tem p lates.

P lace yo u r screensho t here 5

4
iPHONE PROJECT
S ho w and ex p lain yo u r web,
ap p o r so ftware p ro jects u sing
these g ad g et tem p lates.

P lace yo u r screensho t 5
here 5
TABLET PROJECT
S ho w and ex p lain yo u r web,
ap p o r so ftware p ro jects u sing
these g ad g et tem p lates.

5
P lace yo u r screensho t here
6
DESKTOP
PROJECT
S ho w and ex p lain
yo u r web, ap p o r
so ftware p ro jects P lace yo u r screensho t here
5
u sing these 7

g ad g et
tem p lates.
THANKS!
A ny questions?
5
8
Y o u can find m e at:
@ u sernam e
u ser@ m ail.m e
CREDITS

S p ecial thanks to all the p eo p le

who m ad e and released these 5

aweso m e reso u rces fo r free:

9

▹ P resentatio n tem p late by

S lid esC arnival
▹ P ho to g rap hs by U nsp lash
 PRESENTATION DESIGN
T his presentatio n uses the fo llo wing typo g raphies and co lo rs:
▹ T itles: Miriam Libre
▹ B o d y co py: B arlo w Lig ht
6
Y o u can do wnlo ad the fo nts o n these pag es: 0

https://g ithub.co m /MichalS ahar/Miriam -

Libre/tree/m aster/fo nts/o tf
https://www.fo ntsq uirrel.co m /fo nts/barlo w

Indig o #a5b0fe

You don’t need to keep this slide in your presentation. It’s only here to serve
you as a design guide if you need to create new slides or download the fonts
to edit the presentation in PowerPoint®
EXTRA GRAPHICS

61
 S lidesC arnival ico ns are editable shapes.

T his m eans that yo u can:

● R esize them witho ut lo sing q u ality.
● C hang e line co lo r, width and style.

Isn’t that nice? :)

E x am ples:

62
😉
N o w yo u can use any em o ji as an ico n!
A nd o f co urse it resizes witho ut lo sing q uality and yo u can chang e the co lo r.

H o w? F o llo w G o o g le instructio ns
https://twitter.co m /g o o g led o cs/status/7 3 0 0 8 7 2 4 0 1 5 6 6 4 3 3 2 8

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