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 Ethics

◦ Generally speaking, is about


manners such as the good thing that
we should pursue and the bad thing
that we should avoid.
 Aesthetics
◦ Derived from the Greek word
aisthesis (“sense” or “feeling”) and
refers to the personal approval or
disapproval we make about what we
see, hear, smell, or taste.
 Etiquette
◦ Concerned with what is right and
wrong actions.
 Technique and Technical
◦ From Greek word “Techne”
◦ Are used to refer to a proper way (or
right way) of doing things.
 Ethics
◦ May be spoken of as the discipline of
studying and understanding ideal
human behavior and ideal ways of
thinking.
 Morals
◦ Used to refer to specific beliefs or
attitudes that people have or to
describe acts that people perform.
 A descriptive study of ethics reports
how people, particularly groups, make
their moral valuation without making
any judgment either for or against
these valuations.
 A normative study of ethics, as is
often done in philosophy or moral
theory.
 Issue
◦ Is also often used to refer to those
particular situations that are often
the source of considerable and
inconclusive debate.
 Moral decision
◦ When one is placed in a situation and
confronted by the choice of what act
to perform.
 Moral Judgment
◦ When a person is an observer who
makes an assessment on the actions
or behavior of someone.
 A person’s fear of punishment or
desire for reward can provide him a
reason for acting in a certain way.
 Principles
◦ Rationally established grounds by
which one justifies and maintains her
moral decisions and judgments.
 Several common ways of thinking
about ethics are based on the idea
that the standards of valuation are
imposed by a higher authority that
commands our obedience.
 It is supposed that law is one’s guide
to ethical behavior.
 Taking the law to be the basis of
ethics has the benefit of providing us
with an objective that is obligatory
and applicable to all.
“Ethics? It is simple. Just follow
whatever the law says”
 “Love the Lord your God, therefore, and
always heed his charge: his statues, decrees,
and commandments.” This verse is the first
line of Chapter 11 of the book of
Deuteronomy.

 As a foundation of ethical values, this is


referred to as the divine command theory.
“Ethics? It is simple. Just follow
whatever your religion says”
 Our exposure to different societies and
their cultures makes us aware that there
are ways of thinking and valuing that are
different from our own.

 What is ethically acceptable or


unacceptable is relative to, or that is to
say, dependent on one’s culture. This
position is referred to as cultural
relativism.
“Ethics? It is simple. Just follow whatever your
culture says”
 It is sometimes thought that one should not
rely on any external authority to tell oneself
what the standards of moral valuations are,
but should instead turn inwards.
 The starting point of subjectivism is
the recognition that the individual
thinking person (the subject) is at the
heart of all moral valuations.

 Subjectivism leaps to the more radical


claim that the individual is the sole
determinant of what is morally good
or bad, right or wrong.
 “Human beings are naturally self-
centered, so all our actions are always
already motivated by self-interest.”

 The ego or self has its desires and


interests, and all our actions are
geared toward satisfying these
interests.
 Ethical egoism differs from
psychological egoism in that it does
not suppose all our actions are already
inevitably self-serving. Instead, ethical
egoism prescribes that we should
make our own ends, our interests, as
the single overriding concern.
UTILITARIANISM
 An ethical theory that argues for the
goodness of pleasure and the
determination of right behavior based
on the usefulness of the action’s
consequences.
 Our actions are governed by two
“sovereign masters” these are pleasure
and pain. -J.Bentham

 These “masters” are given to us by


nature to help us determine what is
good or bad and what ought to be
done and not; they fasten our choices
to their throne.
 The principle of utility is about our
subjection to these sovereign masters:
pleasure and pain. On one hand, the
principle refers to the motivation of
our actions as guided by our
avoidance of pain and our desire for
pleasure.
 Equating happiness with pleasure does not
aim to describe the utilitarian moral agent
alone and independently from others. This
is not only about our individual pleasures,
regardless of how high, intellectual, or in
other ways noble it is, but it is also about
the pleasure of the greatest number
affected by the consequences of our
actions.
 Justice
◦ A respect for rights directed toward society’s
pursuit for the greatest happiness of the greatest
number.

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