FLUID MACHINERY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

National Institute of Technology, Surathkal
India
WATER TURBINES
 Introduction

• Hydraulic or water turbines are the machines which convert

the kinetic and potential energies possessed by water in to
mechanical rotary motion
• Hydro-electric power can be developed whenever
continuously flowing high pressure water is available
• Classification of water turbine
1. Impulse turbine (Pelton wheel, Girad turbine, Banki
turbine and Jonval turbine)
2. Reaction turbine (Francis turbine, Kaplan turbine,
Propeller turbine and Thompson turbine)

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 Introduction

 Impulse Water Turbine

 In an impulse turbine the whole of the pressure energy of the
water is converted in to the kinetic energy in one or more
number of nozzles before it is passed on to the turbine wheel
 The high velocity jet strikes a series of curved blades mounted
on the periphery of a wheel
 The impulsive force of the jet exerted on the series of curved
blades sets up the wheel in rotation in the direction in which
the jet is impinging
 Entire pressure energy of the water is converted in to the
kinetic energy before it is passed on to the moving blades.
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 Introduction

 An impulse turbine requires high head and low discharge at

the inlet of the turbine
 Reaction Water Turbine
 A reaction turbine requires low head with high rate or flow
 The water supplied to the reaction turbine posses both
pressure as well as kinetic energies
 All the pressure energy of the water is not completely
converted in to kinetic energy as in the case of the impulse
turbine
 First, the water passes to the guide blades which guide or
deflect the water to enter the blades, called moving blades
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 Introduction

 The water from the guide blades are deflected on to the

moving blades where its part of the pressure energy is
converted into the kinetic energy
 The water leaving the moving blades will be at a low pressure
 The difference in pressure between the entrance and the exit
of the moving blades is called reaction pressure

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 Pelton Wheel

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 Pelton Wheel

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 PeltonWheel

 Pelton wheel works under a high head and requires small

quantity of water
 The pressure energy of water is converted in to velocity
energy as the water flows through the nozzle
 A needle controls the quantity of water flowing out of the
nozzle
 The jet of water impinges on the curved blade called pelton
cups and the centre
 The impulsive force of the jet of water rotates the pelton
wheel
 Pressure energy is converted in to mechanical energy
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 PeltonWheel

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 Francis Turbine

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 Francis Turbine

 The Francis turbine is a medium head reaction turbine in

which water flows radially inwards
 It consists of a spiral casing enclosing a number of stationary
guide blades fixed all round the circumference of an inner ring
of moving vanes

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 Francis Turbine

 Water at a high pressure enters through the inlet in the casing

and flows radially inwards to the outer periphery of the
runner through the guide blades
 From the outer periphery of the runner the water flows
inwards through the moving vanes and discharges at the center
of the runner at lower pressure
 To enable the discharge of water at lower pressure, a diverging
conical tube called draft tube is fitted at the center of the
runner
 The discharging side of the draft tube is called as tail race

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 Francis Turbine

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 Francis Turbine

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 Kaplan Turbine

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 Kaplan Turbine

 The Kaplan turbine is a low head reaction turbine in which

water flows axially
 All parts of the turbine are similar to that of the Francis
turbine except the runner and the draft tube
 The runner of the Kaplan turbine resembles with the
propeller of the ship, hence sometimes called as propeller
turbine

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 Kaplan Turbine

 Water at high pressure enters the turbine casing through the

inlet and flows over the guide blades
 The water from the guide blades strikes the runner blades
axially imparting the kinetic energy to set it into rotational
motion
 The water discharging at the center of the runner in the axial
direction into the draft tube which is in L shape having its
discharging end immersed into the tail race

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COMPRESSORS
 Introduction

• An air compressor is a device that converts electrical

energy into kinetic energy by compressing and pressurizing
air.

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 Positive Displacement Compressor

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 Positive Displacement Compressor

 Reciprocating Compressor
 A machine which takes in air or gas during suction stroke at
low pressure and then compresses it to high pressure in a
piston cylinder arrangement
 External work must be supplied to the compressor to achieve
required compression
 The compressor must be designed to use the maximum work
supplied to increase the pressure of the air

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 Reciprocating Compressor

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 Reciprocating Compressor

 Working principle
 A reciprocating compressor consists of a cylinder, piston, inlet
and outlet valves.
 During the downward motion of the piston, the pressure
inside the cylinder falls below the atmospheric pressure and
the inlet valve is opened due to the pressure difference.
 The air is taken in to the cylinder until the piston reaches
bottom dead centre position.
 As the piston starts moving upwards, the inlet valve closed
and the pressure starts increasing continuously until the
pressure inside the cylinder is above the delivery pressure.
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 Reciprocating Compressor

 The delivery valve opens and air is delivered during the

remaining upward motion of the piston to the receiver.
 At the end of the delivery stroke, small volume of high
pressure air is left in the clearance space
 The high pressure air expands as the piston starts moving
downwards and the air falls until it is just below the
atmospheric pressure
 The inlet valve opens as the pressure inside the cylinder falls
below atmospheric pressure and the air from outside is taken
in and the cycle is repeated.

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 Reciprocating Compressor

PV diagram of a reciprocating compressor without clearance

www. Google.com

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 Reciprocating Compressor

PV diagram of a reciprocating compressor with clearance

www. Google.com

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 Dynamic Compressor

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 Dynamic Compressor

 Centrifugal compressors
 The centrifugal compressors are used to supply large
quantities of air but at a lower pressure ratio.
 It consists of a rotating impeller, diffuser and casing
 The impeller consists of a disc on which radial blades are
attached. The impeller of a centrifugal compressor can run at
speeds of 20,000 to 30,000 rpm
 Diffuser surrounds the impeller and provides diversing
passage for air flow thus increasing the air pressure
 The air coming out from the diffuser is collected in the casing
and taken out from the outlet of the compressor
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 Centrifugal compressors

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 Thank you

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