Vitamins & Minerals

Sukamto S M
What do we need in our meals?
 Carbohydrate
Macronutrients
 Lipid
(grams/day)
 Protein
 Vitamin Micronutrients
(mg/day OR
 Mineral μg/day)

 Water
Vitamins Vs Minerals

Vitamins Minerals

Organic Inorganic

Vulnerable to heat, light More stable in food

& chemical agents preparation

Mostly act as coenzyme Mostly act as cofactor

Vitamins
 Vitamins
• Vitamin = vita (life) + amine (containing nitrogen)
• Instead of producing energy, vitamins are utilized
to modulate, adjust and regulate many
physiological processes in the body.
• There are two types of vitamins.
– Fat-soluble vitamins
Highlight!
• Vitamin A
 Fortified  add new
• Vitamin D nutrients
• Vitamin E  Enriched  added back
• Vitamin K the lost nutrients
– Water-soluble vitamins
• Vitamin B
• Vitamin C
 Vitamin A (Retinol)
• Roles  night vision, immune system, skin, bones and teeth.
• Sources  cod liver oil, liver, egg, green and orange vegetables
& yellow and orange fruits.

• Photoreceptors
• Rods (sel batang)
• Cones (sel kerucut)
• Vitamin A is a precursor
for rhodopsin which is a
photopigment in rods.
• Without vitamin A, night
blindness (rabun senja) will
be occured.
 Recommended
• RDA (Recommended Daily Allowances)
– The appropriate daily intake for related vitamins. Daily Allowances
– Given as µg of retinol activity equivalent (RAE) or IU.
• Our body converts all dietary sources of vitamin
A into retinol, then 1 µg retinol is equivalent to:
– 1 µg retinol
– 2 µg beta-carotene from dietary supplements
– 12 µg beta-carotene from food
– 24 µg alpha-carotene or beta-cryptoxanthin
• Recently, RDAs of vitamin A are appeared in IU.
– 1 IU retinol = 0.3 µg RAE
– 1 IU beta-carotene from supplements = 0.15 µg RAE
– 1 IU beta-carotene from food = 0.05 µg RAE
– 1 IU alpha-carotene = 0.025 µg RAE
• RDA of vitamin A
– Male: 900 µg RAE
– Female: 700 µg RAE
– Pregnancy: 770 µg RAE
– Lactation: 1300 µg RAE
Deficiency Toxicity
• Primary deficiency • Acute toxicity
– Low intake ( < RDA) – 25.000 IU/kg of body
• Secondary deficiency weight
– Low-fat diets • Chronic toxicity
– Low-zinc diets – 4.000 IU/kg body weight
daily for 6 – 15 months
• Effects
– Xerophthalmia
• Effects
– Night blindness – Liver toxicity
– Impaired immunity – Osteoporosis
– Enamel hypoplasia – Teratogenicity

Highlight!
Several mild toxicity effects such as
nausea, fatigue, diarrhea, dry skin,
anorexia and drowsiness are common in
acne therapy with ISOTRETINOIN.
Vitamin B Synonim Roles Sources
Helps converting carbohydrate to Liver, meat, peanut
Vitamin B1 Thiamin
energy butter, egg

Milk, cheese, meat,

Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Breaks down protein & glucose
fish

Milk, meat, green

Vitamin B3 Niacin Energy metabolism
vegetables, cereal

Pantothenic Energy metabolism, hormone & Meat, fish, grain

Vitamin B5
acid cholesterol production cereal

Breaks down carbohydrate to

Meat, grain cereal,
Vitamin B6 Pyridoxin energy & protein for body
potato, vegetables
functions

Energy production & protein and Organ meat, egg

Vitamin B7 Biotin
fat metabolism yolk and nuts

Green vegetables,
Vitamin B9 Folate DNA & red blood cells production
meat, fish, egg

Production of red blood cells & Milk, egg, meat,

Vitamin B12 Cobalamin
nervous protection fish, chicken
 Thiamine Cobalamin
• Roles • Roles
– Energy production – Generation of erythrocytes
– Nervous protection – Needed for DNA synthesis
– Certain role in heart – Maintains health nervous system
• Sources • Sources
– Nuts, grains – Liver; egg
– Meat; fruits – Mussel; oyster
• RDA • RDA
– Male:1.18 mg – Male & female: 2 μg
– Female: 0.86 mg • Deficiency
• Deficiency – Megaloblastic anemia
– Beriberi – Irreversible nervous damage
– Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome • Toxicity
• Toxicity – No known toxicity in humans
– No known toxicity in humans
Highlight!
Recently, there are two other B vitamins
proposed by the researchers:
- B15 : Pangamic acid - B17 : Laetrile
 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
• Roles
– Antioxidant
– Forms collagen
– Protein metabolism
– Assists iron absorption
• Sources
– Citrus fruits; Strawberry
– Tomato; Green vegetables
• RDA
– Male: 90 mg
– Female: 75 mg
Highlight!
Is vitamin C directly
related to sariawan?
• Deficiency
– Scurvy
– Increased oxidative stress
• Hypervitaminosis
– Since vitamin C is a
water-soluble vitamin,
then it is rare to produce
toxicity to the body.
– However, vitamin C has
been found to play role
in kidney stone
formation
 Vitamin D (Calciferol)
• Roles • Deficiency
– Assists absorption – Rickets
calcium & phosphorus – Osteoporosis
– Formation bones &
teeth
• Sources
– Fish liver oil; egg yolk
– Diary products
• RDA
– Male & female: 15 µg
(600 IU)
• Toxicity
Highlight! – Hypercalcemia
Sunlight plays important role in – Kidney stone formation
vitamin D metabolism
 Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
• Roles • Deficiency
– Antioxidant – Abetalipoproteinemia
– Immunomodulation – Ataxia
– Antiplatelet effect
• Toxicity
• Sources
– Hemorrhage
– Sunflower seeds
– Vegetable oils – Oxidative stress
– Nuts
• RDA Highlight!
– Male & female: 15 mg α-tocopherol is the biologically active
(22.4 IU) form of vitamin E, while γ-tocopherol is
the most abundant form of vitamin E
 Vitamin K (Menadion)
• Roles • Deficiency
– Promotes blood clotting to – Coagulopathy
stop bleeding – Anemia
• Sources – Osteoporosis
– Green leafy vegetables • Toxicity
– Cabbage – Recently, there is no report
– Milk about the toxicity associated
– Bacteria in intestines with high doses of vitamin K
• RDA
– Male: 120 μg Highlight 1!
– Female: 90 μg Vitamin K is mainly divided into 2 types:
• Vitamin K1 = phylloquinone
Highlight 2! • Vitamin K2 = menaquinone
Vitamin K antagonists uch as coumadin
and warfarin are mostly used as
rodenticides
Minerals
 Types of Mineral
• Macroelements • Trace/ • Ultra trace
– Calcium Microelements elements
– Phosphorus – Iron – Boron
– Sodium – Copper
– Silicon
– Chloride – Cobalt
– Arsenic
– Magnesium – Iodine
– Nickel
– Potassium – Zinc
– Manganese
– Molybdenum
– Fluoride
– Chromium
– Selenium
– Sulfur
 Calcium Phosphorus
• Roles • Roles
– Main component of bones – Growth
& teeth – Formation of bones &
– Clotting of blood teeth
– Blood pressure & enzyme – Energy production
regulation • Sources
• Sources – Dairy products
– Diary products – Seafood
– Soy milk – Red meat
– Sardines eaten with their – Sunflower seeds
bones
• RDA
• RDA – Male: 1200 mg
– Male & female: 800 – 1000 – Female: 800 mg
mg
 Sodium Iron
• Roles • Roles
– Regulate body fluid – Transport O2 to the
– Muscle & nerve function whole body
• Sources • Sources
– Salt – Spinach
– Shellfish – Liver
– Seafood – Red meat
– Cheese • RDA
• RDA – Male: 6 mg
– No specific limitation – Female: 19 mg
 Selenium Zinc
• Roles • Roles
– Protects cell from – Immune function
damage – Healthy skin and eyes
– Regulate immune & – Enzyme and hormone
thyroid function produxtion
• Sources • Sources
– Seafood – Dairy products
– Whole grains – Egg
– Eggs – Shellfish
• RDA – Nuts
– Male: 70 μg • RDA
– Female: 55 μg – Male: 15 mg
– Female: 12 mg
Thank you