UMTS High-Speed Railway (HSR)

Coverage Solution

ZTE University
Contents

 Challenge of HSR Coverage

 Strategy of HSR Coverage
 ZTE UMTS HSR Coverage Solution
 Success Stories
The HSR Era is Coming

 By 2025, the total length of HSR will reach 37,000km in the world
 Train running on the current HSR with speed of over 200km/h

Fast development of HSR, more requirement for HSR coverage

High Speed Influence the Communication
Performance

High
speed  Higher penetration loss
 Doppler effect
 Longer overlap region

Worse KPI

 Higher call drop rate

 Lower access success rate
 Lower handover success rate
Poor user
experience  Call drop
Worse profit  Worse voice quality
Worse brand  Instable data connection

 Lower traffic
 Higher user complaint
HSR Coverage Face Challenge

In the high speed railway

coverage, the main
challenge include:

Evident Doppler
Effect Higher carriage
penetration loss Influenced
communication process
High Speed Introduces Doppler Offset
is the change in frequency of a wave for an observer moving
Doppler Effect
relative to the source of the wave.

Calculation V: train speed;

Formula C: velocity of light;
f: system working frequency.

f1-2fd f1+2fd

f0-fd Ѵ f0+fd

Compared with the frequency offset in UE, there is twice in Node B.

Doppler Effect Influence on Node B Performance
Doppler Effect Influence on UE Performance
scene
 Two RRU facing each other and merging
 UE at the middle of two sites

Logical cell

At the middle of logical cell, UE will receive two different direction signal with plus-
minus frequency offset of one cell, and the performance will be affected except
Qualcomm UE.

For UMTS network with 2.1GHz, UE performance result in the limited

application of multi RRU of one cell in open place scenario of HSR,
only 2RRU back to back can be used.
Higher Penetration Loss with New Train
 Different train, different penetration loss
 Better carriage tightness, higher penetration loss
 Overcoming the most penetration loss is the target of coverage design

24dB
14dB

12dB
K-type train Bombardier train
T-type train CRH2 train CRH3 train
Communication Procedure is Affected

For faster movement, UE resident time

in single cell is less than cell selection
time.

With the same cell reselection delay,

faster mobile speed, larger reselection
overlap area.

With the same handover delay, faster

mobile speed, larger handover overlap
area.

For longer each procedure delay, call

procedure may be managed in the
different cell.
Contents

 Challenge of HSR Coverage

 Strategy of HSR Coverage
 ZTE UMTS HSR Coverage Solution
 Success Stories
Introduction of Network Deployment Strategy

Public Coverage Dedicated Coverage

Definition Definition

 Utilize public RNC and Node B  Independent RNC , Node B,

 Cover HSR area and other areas transmission and feeder system
synchronously  Cover area along the HSR only

 Same frequency  Independent frequency

 Same parameters  Independent parameters

The Problem of Public Coverage
CN

RNC1
LAC2 RNC2
LAC1 RNCn LACn

火车站

Station

⒉
⒈ RNC border may be at high ⒊
Too many LACs, Too speed area, lower handover
Too many neighbor cells, lower
many location update successful ratio
mobile performance
⒋ ⒌
Traffic and data peak moving Adjusted existing site’s RF
with train parameter, influenced living
public coverage and capacity
Solution for Problem 1

LAN
CN
RNC1
LAC2 RNC2 LAC1

RNC3

Reduce RNC/LAC Number

Configure high speed scenario coverage cells under the same RNC/LAC
Build new RNC for HSR by administrative region respectively, and set a single LAC
Solution for Problem 2

LAC2

LAC1

Set Rational RNC/LAC Border

For a long time delay of Inter-RNC handover, handover in RNC border cell
may not complete when UE is at a high speed.
Set RNC/LAC border at the low speed area , like as station.
Solution for Problem 3 – Larger Waiting Room
F2
Set handover or
reselection overlap at
waiting room only

F1,F2

F1

Larger waiting room, covered by many cells HSR Cell, F2

Entrance: F1/F2 dual frequency cell Common Network Cell, F1

 Higher priority of indoor F2 cell Dual Frequency Cell, F1/F2
 Outdoor F1 cell <-> indoor F1 cell, bi-directional reselection/handover Intra-frequency Bi-directional
Re-selection/Handover
 Indoor F1 cell -> indoor F2 cell, uni-directional reselection/handover Inter-frequency Bi-directional Re-
 Indoor F1 cell is used for transition from outdoor to indoor only selection/Handover
Inter-frequency Uni-directional
Exit: F2 cell
Re-selection/Handover
 Indoor F2 cell <-> outdoor F1 cell, bi-directional reselection/handover Entrance passenger flow
Exit passenger flow
Solution for Problem 3 – Smaller Waiting
Room
Set handover or F2
reselection overlap at
waiting room only
F1,F2

F1

HSR Cell, F2
Smaller waiting room, covered by one cell Common Network Cell, F1
Entrance: F1/F2 dual frequency cell Dual Frequency Cell,
Higher priority of indoor F2 cell F1/F2
Outdoor F1 cell <-> indoor F1 cell, bi-directional reselection/handover Intra-frequency Bi-directional
Re-selection/Handover
Indoor F1 cell -> indoor F2 cell, uni-directional reselection/handover Inter-frequency Bi-directional Re-
Indoor F1 cell is used for transition from outdoor to indoor only selection/Handover
Inter-frequency Uni-directional
Exit: F1/F2 dual frequency cell
Re-selection/Handover
Indoor F2 cell -> outdoor F1 cell, uni-directional reselection/handover Entrance passenger flow
Exit passenger flow
Solution for Problem 4
Dedicated Coverage Absorb all HSR Services
 Don’t influence public network performance
 Overcoming the most penetration loss is the target of coverage design
 Inside the train, the pilot signal strength is -95dBm generally
 Adjusting the pilot signal strength for different HSR grade
Solution for Problem 5 - Network Planning
Strategy

Cell Radius
Vertical Distance

Distance between Sites Overlap Area

Site Selection Antenna Selection Distance between Sites

Three principles Vertical distance Rational planning

Exploit existing site Less than 100m The shortest distance

33°antenna preferably
Antenna height link estimation

higher than target Less than 300m propagation model

coverage area 65°antenna preferably Rational overlap area

visible distance Longer tunnel Reselection area
Vertical distance Leak cable preferably Handover area

less than 300m

 Solution for Problem 5 - Site Selection Strategy

Exploit existing site

 Share site resource
 New equipment: BBU + RRU
 New antenna
低速场景
 New cell

Target 利旧公网基站
Build new site

Exploit existing site

1RRU: power
efficiently
splitting
Build new site
cell1 cell2
rationally
Optimizing the 2RRU: back to back
selection of HSR site BBU BBU
Dedicated Coverage, Better Selection

Public Coverage Area

Dedicated Coverage Area

ZTE Suggest: dedicated coverage for HSR area

Dedicated coverage, dedicated application for HSR users

Sententious signal distribution, easier network optimization, better coverage quality
Exclusive reselection/handover sequence, smoother reselection/handover
Lesser RNC/LAC number, lesser signaling interactive, better network performance
Blind Area influence User Experience

Complex environment and difficult construction condition may be

bring in blind area in the HSR coverage.
Repeater Cover Blind Area
Radio Repeater Theory: a radio signal amplifier actually

Defect
Capacity Coverage Reliability
Raise background noise Higher fault rate
Coupling signal from
Unbalance forward/back Lower reliability
donor Node B
coverage Quality bottleneck of
No Capacity variation
Lower transmission power system

Repeater is only used for unimportant and smaller area now

RRU Cover Blind Area

RRU

BBU

 Distributed Node B supports fast deployment and flexible networking

 BBU aggregated, RRU distributed, Infrastructure & equipment room shared, saving cost
 RRU close to antenna, reduce feeder loss and zero room space
Same Resource Requirement, Higher
Performance
 Higher performance:
capacity, coverage radius
Fiber
Repeater

Remote
Radio
Unit

 Same resource requirement:

Site, fiber, power

Remote RRU is more suitable for the high speed scenario of less site
space , weak ground load, or antenna far from site.
Contents

 Challenge of HSR Coverage

 Strategy of HSR Coverage
 ZTE UMTS HSR Coverage Solution
 Success Stories
End to End HSR Coverage Solution

HSPA data card SDR Series Node Bs IP based RNC Mobile soft-switch Service platform

Iub MSC CN
IuCS

IuPS GGSN
UTRAN RNC
Iur Gn
Node B IuCS
IuPS
Iub
SGSN
 ZTE SDR Based Series BTSs Family
Outdoor Micro Outdoor Micro Multi-Mode Supported
ZXSDR BS8908 ZXSDR BS8906  GSM/UMTS/HSPA
 HSPA+/LTE

Indoor Macro
ZXSDR BS8800 Multi-Band Supported
Radio Unit
 G/U900M, G/U1800M
 U/L2100M, U/L2600M
Baseband Unit

RSU40 RSU40
Long term TCO Saving
B8200
RSU60E RSU60E  50% HPA Technology
Outdoor Macro RSU82 RSU82
 Smart Carrier On/Off
ZXSDR BS8900A Embedded Indoor Macro
ZXSDR BS8800
R8840 R8860E R8880A R8882 Smooth Evolution
 64QAM HSPA+
 MIMO HSPA+
Distributed Macro  LTE
ZXSDR BS8700
 Based on SDR hardware platform, all IP and multiple carriers capable
 All base stations share same components, higher integration and less spares
 ZTE Advanced High Speed Data Terminal

Film download from internet UDP download from the intranet

Average:39.1Mbps PDN server, Average:41.6Mbps

In March, 2009, Hong Kong CSL HSPA+ In June, 2010, DC-HSDPA service testing &
actual test result in the street demo based on CSL commercial network

3G Modem(HSPA<->WiFi) HSPA+ Data Card

Core Technology of ZTE HSR Solution
Networking Technology
in High Speed Scenario

MRRU Combination based

on Baseband combination

Patent Frequency Offset

Compensation Algorithm

(Doppler frequency offset)

)1 )2
Patent Frequency Offset Compensation
Algorithm

Support all the high speed railway

coverage requirement
Theory
 Trace frequency offset variety rapidly
 Compensate efficiently
 Guarantee the network performance

Effect
 The compensation range: ≥±1800Hz
 Node B support: ≥450km/h
Theory of MRRU Combination Based on Baseband
Uplink Baseband Combination Uplink Radio Combination

RRU RRU RRU

RRU RRU RRU

BBU
BBU

Mltipath BBU
RRU search and
selection
...
RAKE Maximal Symbol and
Ratio

...
RRU Mltipath high level RNC
Demodu Combinat Handling
lation ion

RRU Copying Creating

32 Downlink Downlink
Signal Signal

Don’t raise the noise and don’t decrease uplink receive sensitivity
Provide better handling ability than radio combination
MRRU Combination Mode
1RRU 2RRU
Power Splitting Back to Back

MRRU
Combination

Enhance single RRU’s coverage Enhance site’s coverage further

Scenario: urban areas Scenario: open place
Site resources: abundant Site resource: lesser
6RRU Combination

Scenario: longer tunnel

6RRU Cell Tunnel face:
RRU close to tunnel face
RRU1
RRU6
Don’t set handover overlap
RRU2 RRU3 RRU4 RRU5
Inside tunnel
1RRU power splitting
antenna - leak cable
MRRU Combination Converge with Other
Technology
Adapt to
different scene Flexible Mode 40w / 1Carrier Enlarge DL coverage
•＞ 200km/h - 2RRU •Provide enough DL power to
•＜ 200km/h - MRRU support HSDPA throughput
•Inside tunnel - MRRU
•Improve DL pilot signal coverage
•1RRU Power Splitting
obviously
•Carrier added by software
•Enlarge capacity smoothly

•Reduce feeder loss : 3dB

(typical)
•Enlarge coverage radius: 30%
Improve UL/DL
coverage synchronously
•Improve 45% comparing with 20m
•Improve 18% comparing with 30m
•Suggestion: higher than 40m
Higher Antenna
RRU Top Tower Height
Improve DL coverage

Enlarge single cell coverage and distance between sites, reduce investment
Reduce handover, raise the network performance
Networking Technology at High Speed Scene
Target
3.
Zigzag site
layout  Broaden the dedicated
2. 4. network coverage area by
Cooperation with Optimized
antenna and site selection
public network RRM
1. algorithm  Configure better coverage and
Antenna chain network by cooperation
selection
with public network
 Guarantee fast and smooth
transition along high speed
railway with optimized RRM
algorithm
Antenna selection

General area Narrow area tunnel

65°antenna 33°antenna Leak cable

• Wide horizontal • Narrow horizontal • Coverage ability

beam beam, higher gain decided by leak
cable type
• Broaden the • Guarantee the
coverage area along radial coverage • Lesser loss, longer
HSR coverage distance
• Scenario: bridge,
• Scenario: urban, mountain area or • 2m high, flushed
hill, open country area with shelter with train window,
forest 20cm spacing at
least
 Zigzag Site Layout
Coverage Standard
 Generally, pilot strength -95dBm
 Adjusted with different line grade

Site Layout Distance between

 Interleaving layout along line, Sites
Decided by propagation model and
balance coverage link estimation
 Vertical distance decided by Suggestion:
penetration loss 250km/h (train speed): 3.5km
 Suggestion: 350km/h (train speed): 2km
 14dB(penetration loss): ≤600m other train decided by actual
 24dB(penetration loss): ≤300m
 other train decided by actual

Associated factor
 line grade, train type, coverage

standard
Cooperation with Public Network
Waiting room
Indoor: F1, F2 dual frequency
coverage
Indoor F1 cell is used for transition
while users move from outdoor to
indoor
Indoor F2 cell absorbs service of
waiting room/station

Along the HSR line

Don’t configure reselection/handover
relationship between public cell and HSR
cell.
Public network users can’t engross
dedicated network resource.
HSR users reside in dedicated network
always and enjoy better QoS service.
Fast Directional Handover Algorithm
Fast cell reselection
 Quicken reselection at high speed
 guarantee call success ratio
Directional handover
Fast handover Directional handover
parameter
 Enhance handover speed  Improve handover directionality
 Guarantee handover success ratio  switch to target cell exactly

solution solution solution

Default HSR Value Default HSR Value
SintraSearchPre yes no MeasQuantity Cpihc EcNo Cpihc EcNo Neighbor cell priority Default HSR Value
QHyst2S 2dB 2dB RptRange for 1A 3dB 4dB adjacent HSR cell 0
Qoffset2SNSib11 0dB 0dB RptRange for 1B 5dB 7dB other HSR cell 1 or 2 1
QHyst1S 10dB 4dB Hysteresis for 1C 4dB 2dB common cell 1 or 2
Qoffset1SNSib11 0dB 0dB Trig Time for 1A 200ms 100ms
Trig Time for 1B 640ms 1280ms
 Total 1.8s
Treselection : 1s  Handover parameter: Chain network
Identify new cell: 0.8s add easily and delete hardly Improve neighbour cell priority
 Reselection overlap (360km/h)  Handover overlap (360km/h): of adjacent cell to achieve
Uni-direction: 180m Normal handover: 0.8s, 80m
directional handover
Bi-direction: 360m Signalling handover: 1.3s, 130m
Contents

 Challenge of HSR Coverage

 Strategy of HSR Coverage
 ZTE UMTS HSR Coverage Solution
 Success Stories
China Hefei – Nanjing HSR TEST (250km/h)
In Dec 2009, China Unicom arranged
Direction Service Type RSCP>-95dBm Ec/Io>-12dB
test on the Hefei-Nanjing HSR
Hefei to Nanjing VC Holding 98.55% 94.65%
Hefei to Nanjing VP Holding 92.71% 93.98%
Nanjing to Hefei VC Holding 86.57% 93.04%
Nanjing to Hefei VP Holding 97.83% 96.43%

Calling Number Handover Number

CS Service Try/Success Try/Success
CS 12.2K holding test 1/1 122/122
CS 12.2K dialing test 7/7 70/70
CS64K holding test 1/1 91/91
CS 64K dialing test 7/7 77/77

• Clear voice and video

•HSDPA average rate: 2.45Mbps
•HSUPA average rate:1.2Mbps
China Zhengzhou – Xi’an HSR (350km/h)
Longer Tunnel Large-span Bridge Open Country

 Tunnel face: smooth transition  Build site at every end of bridge  Enlarge site distance
 Inside tunnel: reduce handover  Achieve bridge coverage  Save investment

solution solution solution

Tunnel face: no handover  2.4km bridge

RRU close to tunnel face  Enhance antenna height  2RRU: back to back
1RRU power splitting  33°narrow beam antenna  Antenna height: 45m
Coverage: 1km  2.9km bridge  Antenna gain: 20dBi
 single hole, dual rail  Pilot strength: -97.5dBm  RRU top tower
Low loss leak cable  Balance coverage and  Site distance: 2km
6RRU cell, coverage 6km quality  Vertical distance: 300m

By multi technology, achieve the balance among coverage, site distance and quality
Summary
Requirement
1 . Evident Doppler Frequency Offset
2. Higher Penetration Loss
3. Affected Communication Process
Case
1. China Hefei-Nanjing HSR
Solution 2. China Zhengzhou-Xi’an HSR

1.SDR based BBU + RRU solution

2. Patent Algorithm
3.MRRU Combination based on Baseband
4. Special Networking Technology
Benefit
1. Fast delivery, smooth capacity expansion
2. Higher performance
3. Cost saving
4. simple O&M