EARTHWORKS

Earthworks are engineering works created

through the moving of massive quantities of soil or
unformed rock. Engineers need to concern
themselves with issues of geotechnical
engineering (such as soil fluidity and friction) and
with quantity estimation to ensure that soil
volumes in the cuts match those of the fills, while
minimizing the distance of movement. In the past,
such calculations were done by hand using a slide
rule and with methods such as Simpson's rule;
now they can be performed simply with a computer
and specialized software.
Derive the prismoidal correction formula for a
triangular end areas using the prismoidal formula.

Vp = L (A1 + 4Am + A2)

6
SOLUTION

Vc = prismoidal correction
Vc = Ve – Vp

Vc = (A1 + A2)L – L (A1 + 4Am + A2)

6 6

Vc = (3A1 + 3A2 – A1 – 4Am – A2) L

6
Vc = 2 (A1 + A2 – 2Am) L
6

Vc = L (A1 + A2 – 2Am)
3
Let us consider the triangular prismoidal shown
below:

h2
A2

b2

hm Am

bm

h1
A1

b1
Vc = L (A1 – 2Am + A2)
3
A1 = b1h1
2
A2 = b1h1
2
Am = bmhm
2
Vc = L [(b1h1) – (2bmhm)+(b2h2)] / 2

bm = b1 + b2
2
hm = h1 + h2
2
Vc = L [(b1h1) – (2bmhm) + (b2h2)] /2
3
Vc = L [(b1h1)–(b1h1)-(b2h1)-(b1h2)-(b2h2)+(b2h2)]
3 2 4 4 4 4 2

Vc = L [(b1h1) - (b1h2) - (b2h1) + (b2h2)]

3 4

Vc = L [b1(h1-h2) – b2 (h1-h2)]
12
Vc = L (b1–b2) (h1-h2)
12
(prismoidal correction to be subtracted algebraically
from the volume by end area method)
VOLUME OF EARTHWORK

1. End Area Method

V = (A1 + A2) L
2
VOLUME OF EARTHWORK

2. Prismoidal Formula
A1

L/2
A1

L/2
A1

Vp = L (A1 + 4Am + A2)

6
Am = area of mid-section
VOLUME OF EARTHWORK

3. Volume with prismoidal correction:

(Applicable only to three level section)

D1 D2

C1 C2
A1 A2

V = Ve – Vcp
Ve = volume by end area
Vcp = prismoidal correction

Vcp = L (C1 – C2) (D1 – D2)

12
 PROBLEM # 1:

Given the cross section notes of an earthwork between

station 10 + 100 to 10 + 200. Assume both stations to
have the same side slope and width of base.

STA. 10 + 100
Left Center Right
6.45 0 4.5
2.3 1.5 1.0

STA. 10 + 200
6.0 0 6.9
2.0 x 2.6
 PROBLEM # 1:

REQUIRED:

1. Compute the side slope of both sections.

2. Compute the value of x at station 10 + 200 if it

has a cross sectional area of 14.64 m2.

3. Compute the volume between stations 10 + 100

and 10 + 200 using end area method with
prismoidal correction.
 SOLUTION:

1. Width of base:

B + 2.3S = 6.45
2
D1=10.95
B + 1.0S = 4.5
2
1.3S = 1.95
2.3
S = 1.5 Cp=1.5
1.0
B + 1.0 (1.5) = 4.5
2 2.35
6.45
B/2 B/2
4.5
1.05

B=6m
 SOLUTION:

2. Value of x:

A = 2(3) + 6x + 6.9(x)
2 2 2
D1=10.95
+ 3(2.6)
2

A = 14.64 2.6
2
x = 1.2
3 3 3 3.9
6 6.9
 SOLUTION:

3. Volume between sta. 10 + 100 and 10 + 200:

A1 = 2.3(3) + 1.5(6.45) + 4.5(1.5) + 3(1)

2 2 2 2

A1 = 13.1625 m2
A2 = 14.64 m2
Ve = (A1 + A2) L
2
Ve = (13.1625 + 14.64) (100)
2
Ve = 1390.125 m3
 SOLUTION:

c. Volume between sta. 10 + 100 and 10 + 200:

Prismoidal Correction:

Vp = L (C1 – C2) (D1 – D2)

12
Vp = 100 [(10.95 – 12.9) (1.5 – 1.2)]
12
Vp = 4.875 m3
Vcp = Ve - Vp
Vcp = 1390.125 – (- 4.875)
Vcp = 1395 m3
 PROBLEM # 2:

From the given cross section of an earthworks between

A (20 + 200) and B (20 + 220) assuming both have same
slope and width of base.

STA. A
Left Center Right
6.60 0 4.8
2.4 2.0 1.2

STA. B
6.3 0 7.2
2.2 ? 2.80
 PROBLEM # 2:

REQUIRED:

1. Compute the width of the base.

2. Compute the value of cut at station B if it has an

area of 16.82 m2.

3. Compute the volume between A and B with

Prismoidal Correction.
 SOLUTION:

D1=11.40
1. Width of base:

6.3 = 2.2S + B
2.4 +2.0
2 1.2
7.2 = 2.8S + B
B/2 B/2
2
6.6 4.8

0.9 = 0.6S
D1=11.40
S = 1.5

2.80
6.3 = 2.2(1.5) + B 2.2
x

2
B=6m 2.25 B/2 B/2 3.9
 SOLUTION:

2. Value of cut at station B:

2.2 (3) + 6.3x + 7.2x + 2.8 (3) = 16.82

2 2 2 2

6.75x = 9.32

x = 1.38 m
 SOLUTION:

3. Volume using Prismoidal correction:

A1 = 2.4 (3) + 6.6 (2) + 4.8(2) + 1.2(3)

2 2 2 2
A1 = 16.80 m2

Ve = (A1 + A2) L
2
Ve = (16.80 + 16.82) (20)
2

Ve = 336.20 m3
 SOLUTION:

3. Volume using Prismoidal correction:

Vp = L (C1 – C2) (D1 – D2)

12
Vp = 20 [(2 – 1.38) (11.40 – 13.5)]
12
Vp = - 2.17

Vcp = Ve - Vp
Vcp = 336.20 – (2.17)

Vcp = 338.37 m3
 PROBLEM # 3:

At station 1 + 100 of a portion of a highway stretch has

an area of 100 sq. meters in cut while that of station 1 +
200 the area is 240 sq. meters in cut. At station 1 + 100,
the ground the surface to the left of the center line is flat
and the height of the right slope take above the grade
line is one half that of the left, while that of the station 1
+ 200, the height of the right slope stake is three times
higher than that of the left slope stake. The center cut at
station 1 + 200. The width of the roadway is 10m, with a
side slope of 2:1.
 PROBLEM # 3:

REQUIRED:

1. Determine the height of cut at the center of

sta. 1 + 100.

2. Determine the height of the right slope stake at

sta. 1 + 200.

3. Determine the volume between sta. 1 + 100 and

1 + 200 by applying Prismoidal correction.
 SOLUTION:

1. Height of cut at the center of sta. 1 + 100:

A = 100 sq. m

5h + h (5 + 2h) + h (5 + h) + 5 (h/2) = 100

2 2 2 2

5h + 5h + 2h2 + 5h + h2 + 2.5h = 200

3h2 + 17.5h – 200 = 0

h = 17.5 - √ (17.5)2 – 4 (3) (-200)
2 (3)

h= -17.5 - √ 2706
6

h= -17.6 + 52.2
6
h= 5.78 m
 SOLUTION:

2. Height of the right slope stake at sta. 1 + 200:

A = 240 sq. m

5x + 2.89 (5 + 2x) + 2.89 (5 + 6x) + 5 (3x) = 240

2 2 2 2

5x + 14.45 + 5.78x + 14.45 + 17.34x + 15x = 480

43.12x = 451.1
3x = 31.32 m

x = 10.44 m
 SOLUTION:

3. Volume between sta. 1 + 100 and 1 + 200:

VE = (A1 + A2) L
2

VE = (100 + 240) (100)

2

VE = 17, 000 m3
 PROBLEM # 4:

In a certain portion of road to be constructed the

following data were taken.

1+040
X 0 x
-1.84 -1.22 - 0.42
1+100
X 0 x
1.098 + 3.05 + 0.5

Base for cut = 9 m Sideslopes = 1:1

Base for fill = 8 m Sideslopes = 1.5:1
 PROBLEM # 4:

REQUIRED:

1. Compute the area of station 1 + 040.

2. Find the area of station 1 + 100.

3. Determine the diff. in volume of cut and fill end

area method.
 SOLUTION:

1. Area of station 1+040:

Afill = ½(4)1.84 ½ (1.22)6.76 + ½ (1.22)4.63 + ½ (4)0.42

Afill = 11.47 m2
X=6.76 X=4.63
4 4
1.5
1.22 0.42
1
 SOLUTION:

2. Area of station 1+100:

Acut = ½(4.5)0.98 + ½ (3.05)5.48 + ½ (3.05)5 + ½ (4.5)0.5

Acut = 19.31 m2

3.05
0.98

0.98 4.5 4.5 0.5

X=5.48 0.5
X=5.48
 SOLUTION:

2. Difference in volume of cut and fill using end area method:

1.22 = (1.22 + 3.05)

3.05
x 60
x = 17.14 60-x
1.22
60 – x = 42.86

Vcut = [(0 + 19.31)/2]42.86 60m

Vcut = 413.18 m

Vfill = [(11.47 + 0)/2]17.14

Vfill = 98.3 m3

Diff. = 315.51 m3
 PROBLEM # 5:

Given the following section of earthworks for a proposed

road construction on a hilly portion of the route. The
width of the road base for cut is 6 m. for allowance of
drainage canals and 5m. for fill. Sides for cut is 1:1 and
for fill is 1.5:1.

3.7 0 x
- 0.8 + 1.8
 SOLUTION:

REQUIRED:

1. Compute the value of x.

2. Compute the area in fill.

3. Compute the area in cut.

 SOLUTION:

1. Value of x:

X = 3 + 1.8
X = 4.8

3.7 1.8

1.2 2.5

3 1.8
4.8
0.8
 SOLUTION:

2. Area in fill:

Area of fill: [2.5 (0.8)]/2

Area of fill: 1.0 m2

 SOLUTION:

3. Area of cut:

Area of cut = [3(1.8)]/2

Area of cut: 2.7 m2

 PROBLEM # 6:

The following is a set of notes of an earthwork of a road

construction, which is undertaken by the Bureau of
Public Works.

STATION CROSS SECTION

1 + 020 9.0 4.5 +2.0 4.5 6.0
+3.0 +4 +1.51 +1.0

1 + 040 7.5 4.5 +4.0 4.5 9.0

+2.0 +5.0 +2.0 +3.0

The base of the road way is 9 m. which conforms with

BPWH standards. Side slope is 1.5:1.
 SOLUTION:

REQUIRED:

1. Compute the cross sectional area at sta. 1+ 020.

2. Compute the cross sectional area at sta. 1 + 040.

3. Compute the volume between the two stations using

end area method.
 SOLUTION:

1. Area section f + 020:

3.0 4.0
2.0 1.5 1.0
4.5 4.5 4.5
1.5

A1 = [4(4.5) + (4+2)(4.5) + (2+1.5)(4.5) + 1.5(1.5)]/2

A1 = 31.50 m2
 SOLUTION:

2. Area section 1 + 040:

5.0
4.0 3.0
2.0 2.0
4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

A2 = [5(3) + (5+4)(4.5) + (4+2)(4.5) + 2(4.5)]/2

A2 = 45.75 m2
 SOLUTION:

3. Volume between stations:

V = (A1 + A2) L
2

V = (31.50 + 45.75)(20)
2

V = 772.5 m3
 PROBLEM # 7:

In determining the position of the balance line in the

profile diagram, a horizontal grade line is drawn such
that the length of the cut is 850 m. and that of the fill is
1200 m. The profile area between the ground line and the
grade line in the cut is 7800 sq.m. while that of fill is 8500
sq.m. If the road bed is 10 m. wide for cut and 8 m.
meters wide for fill and if the side slope for cut is 1.5:1
while that for fill is 2:1. Assume a level section with an
average value of cut and fill for each stretch.
 SOLUTION:

REQUIRED:

1. Determine the volume of cut.

2. Determine the volume of fill.

3. In the shrinkage factor is 1.2, determine the volume

of borrow or waste.
 SOLUTION:

AVERAGE DEPTH OF CUT:

cut
fill

950m 1200m

C = 7800/850
C = 9.18 m

Average depth of fill:

f = 8500/1200
f = 7.08
 SOLUTION:

AVERAGE DEPTH OF CUT:

37.54

9.18 9.18 9.18

13.77 10 13.77

Slide slope = 1.5 : 1 cut

A = [(10 + 37.54)(9.18)]/2

A = 218.21 m2
 SOLUTION:

1. VOLUME OF CUT:

14.16 8 14.16

7.08 7.08 7.08

36.32

Vc = 218.21 (850)
Vc = 185,500 m3

A = [(8 + 36.32)(7.08)]/2
A = 156.89 m2
 SOLUTION:

2. VOLUME OF FILL:

Vf = 156.89 (1200)

Vf = 188,000 m3
 SOLUTION:

2. VOLUME OF BORROW:

Vol. of borrow = 188000 (1.2) – 185500

Vol. of borrow = 40100 m3

 PROBLEM # 8:

From station 0 + 040, with center height of 1.40 m. fill,

the ground the line makes a uniform slope of 5% to
station 0 + 100, whose center height is 2.80 m. cut.
Assume both sections to be level sections with side
slopes of 2:1 for fill and 1.5:1 for cut.
 SOLUTION:

REQUIRED:

1. Find the grade of the finished road surface.

2. Find the area method, find the amount of cut and fill.

3. Between these two stations, is it borrow or waste?

Roadway for fill is 9.00 m. and for cut it is 10.00 m.
 SOLUTION:

1. SLOPE OF ROADWAY:
Finished roadway

1.20

1.40 2.8

3.0

0.20 0.20
60
0+40 0+100

Slope of roadway = -1.20

60
Slope of roadway = -2%(downwards)
 SOLUTION:

2. AREA AT EACH SECTION:

2.8 9 2.8

1.40 1.40 1.4

14.60

Station 0 + 040
 SOLUTION:

AVERAGE DEPTH OF CUT:

37.54

9.18 9.18 9.18

13.77 10 13.77

Station 0 + 100
 SOLUTION:

A = [(14.60 + 9)(1.40)]/2
A = 16.52 m2 (fill)

A = [(10 + 18.40)(2.8)]/2
A = 39.76 m2 (cut)
 SOLUTION:

3. VOLUME OF CUT AND FILL:

Slope = -2%

60-x 0.02x

1.40
Slope = 5%
x 0.05x
 SOLUTION:

1.40 - .02 x = .05 x

0.07 x = 1.40
x = 20
60 – x = 40

Vol. of fill = L/2(A1 + A2)

Vol.of fill = 20/2(16.52 + 0)
Vol. of fill = 165.2 m3

Vol. of cut = L/2(A1 + A2)

Vol. of cut = 40/2(39.76 + 0)
Vol. of cut = 795.2 m3
 SOLUTION:

3.

Since the volume of cut is excessive than the volume

of fill, it is the necessary to throw the excess volume of
cut as waste by an amount equal to

795.20 - 165.20 = 63.00 m3

 PROBLEM # 9:

The following data are the cross section notes at station

0 + 020 and 0 + 040. The natural ground slope is almost
even.
Base width Side slope
Cut = 9 m Cut = 1:1
Fill = 8 m Fill = 1.5:1

Station 0 + 020
? +3.0 +1.5 0
? 4.5 0 0
Station 0 + 040
? -2 -1.0 0
? 4 0 0
 SOLUTION:

1. AREA OF SECTION 0 + 020:

1.5 = h
4.5 h+9

4.5h = 1.5h + 13.5

h = 4.5 h

3
A= [4.5 (9)]/2
1.5
A= 20.25 m2 (cut)
h 4.5 4.5
 SOLUTION:

2. AREA OF SECTION 0 + 040:

1.5x 4 4
2= x
8 1.5x + 8 2.0
8x = 3x + 16 2.0
5x= 16
x = 3.2 x

A = [(3.2)(8)]/2
A= 12.8 m2 (fill)
 SOLUTION:

3. VOLUME OF BORROW OR WASTE:

1.5 = 1.0
x 20-x
x = 30 – 1.5x 1.5
2.5x = 30 20-x

x = 12 x
1.0
20-x = 8
 SOLUTION:

3. VOLUME OF BORROW OR WASTE:

Vol. of cut = [(A1 + A2)(L)]/2

Vol. of cut = [(20.25 + 0)(12)]/2
Vol. of cut = 121.5 m3

Vol. of fill = [(A1 + A2)L]/2

Vol. of fill = [(12.8 + 0)(8)(1.2)]/2
Vol. of fill = 61.44 m3

Vol. of waste = 121.5 – 61.44

Vol. of waste = 60.06 m3
 PROBLEM # 10:

In a 20 meter road stretch, the following cross section of

the existing ground and corresponding subgrade cross-
section notes were taken.
Existing Ground Cross Sections
 SOLUTION:

REQUIRED:

1. Compute the cross sectional area at station 10 + 280.

2. Compute the cross sectional area at station 10 + 300.

3. Compute the volume between the two stations.

 SOLUTION:

1. AREA OF SECTION 1 0 + 280:

(12,2)
(4,1)
(0,0)
(-5,-1) (18,1)
(-16.5,0)
(-9,-2)

(0,-5) (6,-5)

(7,-5.5) (7,-5.5)
 SOLUTION:

2. AREA OF SECTION 10 + 300:

(0,1) (5,1)
(-7,1)
(9,0)
(-10,-2) (17,-1.5)

(13.5,-3)

(-6,-7) (6,-7)

(-7,-7.5) (7,-7.5)
 PROBLEM # 11:

From the road plan, the following cross section

of the existing ground and the corresponding
cross-section notes for a 40 m. stretch was
taken.
 SOLUTION:

REQUIRED:

1. Compute the area of cut at station 10 + 040.

2. Compute the volume of cut at station 10 +

060.

3. Compute the volume of borrow or waste

from station 10 + 040 to 10 + 080
considering shrinkage factor of 25%.
 SOLUTION:

1. AREA OF CUT 1 0 + 040:

(10,1)
(8.3,0.82)
(0,0)
(-7.5,0)
(-10,0)

(0,-5) (6,-5)

(-5,-2.5) (5,-2,5)
 SOLUTION:

2. AREA OF CUT AT STA. 10 + 060:

VOLUME OF BORROW PIT METHOD (UNIT AREA)

1. Truncated Triangular Prisms:

V = A(h1 + h2 + h3)
3
A = area of base

h2

A
h1
h3
VOLUME OF BORROW PIT METHOD (UNIT AREA)

2. Truncated Rectangular Prisms:

V = A(h1 + h2 + h3 + h4)
4
A = area of base

h2
h3

h1 h4
VOLUME OF BORROW PIT METHOD (UNIT AREA)

3. Assembly of Prisms:
V = A(∑h1 + 2∑h2 + 3∑h3 + 4∑h4)
4
h1 h2 h2 h2 h1
A A A A
h2 h4 h4 h4
h2
A A A A
h4
h2
h1 h2 h3
A A

h1 h2 h1
VOLUME BY PARALLEL SECTIONS:
(Treat the sections as triangles or trapezoids)

A1 = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4

A2 = A5 + A6 + A7 + A8

V = (A1 + A2)L
2
h1 h2 h3 h4
1 A5
A6 A7
A8
d d d d L d d d d
h5 h6 h7 h8 2 h6 h7 h8 h9 h10

A1
A2 A3 A4
d d d d
h1 h2 h3 h4 h5
 PROBLEM # 1:

Shown is a trapezoidal area which will be

excavated and used as borrow pit. It has been
laid out by lines at right angles to each other at
given distances. The elevation of each grade
intersection is as indicated in meters. It is
desired to excavate the same to elevation 52.50
m. Determine the volume of excavation in cubic
meters by using the formula of vertical truncated
prisms.
 SOLUTION:

4 2 5 5 5 4 2 5 5 5
54 56 58 60 63 65 1.5 3.5 5.5 7.5 10.5 12.5
5 5
55 58 59 64 66 2.5 5.5 6.5 9.5 11.5 14.5

5 5
60 63 65 68 7.5 10.5 12.5 15.5
59 6.5
5 5
64 66 69 11.5 13.5 16.5
60 8.5

5 5 5
5.5 7.5 10.5 12.5
5
6.5 9.5 11.5 14.5
5
7.5 10.5 12.5 15.5
5
8.5 11.5 13.5 16.5
 SOLUTION:

V = A(∑h1 + 2∑h2 + 3∑h3 + 4∑h4)

4
A = 5(5) = 25 sq.m

∑h1 = 5.5 + 12.5 + 16.5 + 8.5 = 43

∑h2 = 7.5 + 10.5 + 14.5 + 15.5 + 13.5 + 11.5 + 7.5 + 6.5 = 87
∑h3 = 0
∑h4 = 9.5 + 11.5 + 12.5 + 10.5 = 44
 SOLUTION:

V1 = 25[43 + 2(87) + 3(0) + 4(44)]

4
V1 = 25(393)
4

V1 = 2450 cu.m
 SOLUTION:

V2 = 4(5) [(1.5 + 3.5 + 2.5)] + [2(5)] [(2.5 + 3.5 + 5.5)]

2 3 2 3
V2 = 44.17 cu.m

V3 = 2(5) (2.5 + 5.5 + 6.5)

2(3)
V3 = 5(15.5)
3
V3 = 24.20 cu.m
 SOLUTION:

V4 = A(∑ h1 + 2∑h2 + 3∑h3 + 4∑h4)

4
A = 2(5) = 10 sq. m.

∑h1 = 3.5 + 5.5 + 7.5 + 6.5 = 23

∑h2 = 6.5 + 5.5 = 12
∑h3 = 0
∑h4 = 0

V4 = 10 [23 + 2(12)]
4
V4 = 10(47)
4
V4 = 117.50 cu.m.
 SOLUTION:

V5 = A (h1 + h2 + h3)
4

A = 2(5) = 5sq.m.
2

V5 = 5 (6.5 + 7.5 + 8.5)

3
V5 = 5(22.5)
3
V5 = 32 cu.m
 SOLUTION:

TOTAL V = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 + V5

V = 2450 + 44.17 + 24.20 + 117.50 + 37.50

V = 2673.37 cu.m
 PROBLEM # 2:

A house lot ABCDE shown is to leveled 10m. higher than

elevation is 0. Elevations of each points is based on
BM1. The square section is 20 x 20m. The elevation are
as follows:
A = 34.8 B = 33.3 C = 28.3
1 = 32.3 3 = 31.5 6 = 29.2
2 = 30.2 4 = 29.3 7 = 26.3
5 = 31.9 8 = 27.9
E = 26.2 D = 21.9
11 = 23.5
12 = 22.8 9 = 25.5
13 = 21.5 10 = 24.4
 REQUIRED:

a. Find the volume of earth removed by unit area.

b. Find the volume of earth removed by parallel section.

A 1 2 B

3 4 5 C

60m
6 7 8 9 10

E 11 12 13 C
80m
 SOLUTION:

A. BY UNIT AREA:

A 20 20 20 B
24.8 22.3 20.2 23.3
20

21.5 19.3 21.9 18.3

20

19.2 16.3 17.9 15.5

20
C
E 16.2 13.5 12.8 11.5
 SOLUTION:

CONSIDERING SECTION (AB, 13E)

V1 = A (∑h1 + 2∑h2 + 3∑h3 + 4∑h4)

4
∑h1 = 24.8 + 23.3 + 11.5 + 16.2 = 75.8
∑h2 = 22.3 + 20.2 + 18.3 + 15.5 + 12.8 + 13.5 + 19.2 +21.5
∑h2 = 143.5
∑h3 = 0
∑h4 = 19.3 + 21.9 + 17.9 +16.3 = 75.4

V1 = 20(20) [75.8 + 2(143.5) + 3(0) + 4(75.4)]

4
V1 = 100(664.4)
V1 = 66,440 cu.m.
 SOLUTION:

CONSIDERING SECTION (C, 9 , 10)

V2 = A (h1 + h2 + h3)
3

A = 20(10)
2
A = 100 sq.m.

V2 = 100 (18.3 + 14.4 + 15.5)

3
V2 = 1,606.60 cu.m.
 SOLUTION:

CONSIDERING SECTION (9, 10, D, 13)

V3 = 10(20) [ (15.5 + 14.4 + 11.5)/3]
2
+ 20(20) [ (14.4 + 11.9 + 11.5)/3]
2
V3 = 3900 cu.m.

V3” = 2(20) [(15.5 + 11.5 + 11.9)/3]

2
+ 10(20) [(15.5 + 14.4 + 11.9)/3]
2
V3” = 3987
V3” = 3900+3987
2
V3 = 3943.5 ( average)
 SOLUTION:

B. PARALLEL SECTION: (SECTION 1)

24.8 22.3 20.2 23.3

20 20 20

A1 = (24.8 + 22.3)(20) + (22.3 + 20.2)(20) + (20.2 +

23.3)(20) 2 2
2

A1 = 20 (47.1 + 42.5 + 43.5)

2
A1 = 1331 sq.m
 SOLUTION:

B. PARALLEL SECTION: (SECTION 2)

21.5 19.3 21.9 18.3

20 20 20

A2 = (31.5 + 19.3)(20) + (19.3 + 21.9)(20) + (21.9 + 18.3)(20)

2 2 2

A2 = 20 (40.8 + 41.2 + 40.2)

2
A2 = 1222 sq.m
 SOLUTION:

B. PARALLEL SECTION: (SECTION 3)

19.2 16.3 17.9 15.5

14.4

20 20 20 10

A3 = (19.2 + 16.3)(20) + (16.3 + 17.9)(20)

2 2
+ (15.5 + 17.9)(20) + (15.5 + 14.4)(10)
2 2
A3 = 20 [35.5 + 34.2 + 33.4] + 5(29.9)
2
A3 = 1180.5 sq.m
 SOLUTION:

B. PARALLEL SECTION: (SECTION 4)

16.2 13.5 12.8 11.5 11.9

20 20 20 20

A4 = (169.2 + 13.5)(20) + (13.5 + 12.8)(20)

2 2
+ (12.8 + 11.5)(20) + (11.5 + 11.9)(20)
2 2
A4 = 20 [29.7 + 26.3 + 24.3 + 23.4]
2
A4 = 1037 sq.m.
 SOLUTION:

VOLUME USING END AREA:

V 1-2 = L (A1 + A2)

2

V 1-2 = 20 (1331 + 1222) = 25,530 cu.m.

2

V 2-3 = 20 (1222 + 1180.5) = 24,175 cu.m.

2

V 3-4 = 20 (1180.5 + 1037) = 22,175 cu.m.

2
Total Volume = 25,530 + 24,025 + 22,175
Total Volume = 71,730 cu.m