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Well Control
Lesson 2
Gas Behavior and
Hydrostatics
Contents
Why Study Well Control?
Ideal Gases
Real Gases
Critical Temperature & Pressure
Pseudo-Critical Temp. and Press.
Gas Compressibility
Problems
Assignments
Homework #1:
Ch 1, Problems 1.1-1.10
due
Homework #2:
Ch 1, Problems 1.11-1.21
5
Why study well control?
Yet, well control problems, and
blowouts occur
with casualties
with environmental damage
at high cost (often in $millions/occurrence)
6
Why study well control?
Most blowouts result from human
failure
7
Why study well control?
At times unconventional well control
procedures are necessary in order to
avoid blowouts
8
Why study well control?
Well owners, oil field workers, and
regulatory authorities are becoming
increasingly intolerant of human
error relative to well operations
9
Why study well control?
The way to prevent failures:
proper training
responsible engineering and planning
adequate equipment
prudently executed operations
10
Why study well control?
Advanced well control can offer the
largest impact in the following areas:
proper engineering design of wells, such
as proper casing setting depths and
proper materials
operational planning, and
the execution of the drilling process
11
Why study well control?
Costs may be higher in the short term,
but future profits will not be spent
cleaning up and litigating past
mistakes
12
Why study well control?
Influx into wellbore may be gas, oil,
and/or water
All well control methods:
maintain a constant BHP
consider the behavior of gas under
changing wellbore conditions
are designed to move gas up a wellbore to
the surface – whenever possible
must allow gas, if present, to expand
13
Why study well control?
17
Universal Gas Constant
Values
p V T n R
psia ft3 oR lbm mole 10.732
psia gal oR lbm mole 80.275
psia bbl oR lbm mole 1.911
pV=ZnRT 18
Typical phase diagram for mixtures
19
Ideal Gases
p1 p2
Charles Law: cons tan t
V constant T1 T2
p1V1 p2 V2
Ideal Gas Law: cons tan t
T1 T2
or pV nRT
20
Problem 1
A 20 bbl gas influx has entered a well at
bottomhole pressure of 3,500 psia.
Determine the gas volume when the
kick exits the well.
(a) Assume atmospheric pressure of 14.4
psia and no change in the gas
temperature.
(b) Assume initial gas temperature of 150
o o
F and surface temperature of 65 F.
21
Solution
(a) Using Boyle’s law: p1V1 p2 V2
p1V1
V2
p2
MWg
Gas Specific gravity: g
MWa
17.41
g 0.600
29
25
Solution
(a) Under bottomhole conditions the gas
density (assume Z = 1):
29 g p29 (0.600)(3,500)
g ,bottom
ZRT 1 * 80.28 (150 460)
29 (0.600)(14.4)
g ,surface
1 * 80.28 (65 460)
28
Real Gases
pV = ZnRT
358
35
Surface
0.995
0.886
Bottomhole
36
Determination of Z-factor
If a computer is available, Z factors can
be calculated:
ppr = 756.8 - 131g - 3.6 g2
Tpr = 169.2 + 349.5 g – 74 g2
38
Problem 3
At bottomhole conditions, the density of
the gas is:
29 g P 29(0.6)(3,500)
g,bottom
ZRT (0.886)(80.28)(610)
29 g p 29 (0.6) (7,437)
g
ZRT (1.195) (80.27) (665)
44
Solution
Solve by trial and error.
First assume that Z = 1
g ( D D0 )
p po e 53 .3 ZT
0.6(12,000 0 )
0.6(12,000 0 )
po 6,164 psia
7,479 6,164
ppr / 671 10.17
2
Tpr 620 / 358 1.73
46
Solution
0.6(12,000 0 )
po 6,173 psia
Close enough
47
6,173 psia
49
Solution
Recall that: p = 0.052 * MW * Depth
At TD,
= 12.0 ppg
50
Solution
At 6,000’
equiv = (4,048-14.4)/(0.052*6,000)
= 13.0 ppg
51
Solution
What is the equivalent density at 1,000’?
equiv = (1,098-14.4)/(0.052*1,000)
= 20.8 ppg
2,000
4,000
Depth, ft
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
0 5 10 15 20 25
EM W, ppg
53