TMNL Open Doors Transport Network Training - Part1

BO Open Doors
Transport Network
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Agenda
1 Network Topology
2 Basic Network Components
3 Transport Layers and Technologies
1 Microwave
2 MSPTP
3 PDH/SDH/ATM
4 WDM
3 Applications
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

Agenda
1 Network Topology
1 Microwaves
2 MSPTP
3 PDH/SDH/ATM
4 WDM
3 Applications

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 5
Agenda
1 Network Topology

Rack Cabinets
 ETSI: European Telecoms Standards
Institute
 The common types of the cabinet are as
follows:
 ETSI 300 mm cabinet
 ETSI 600 mm cabinet
 19-inch cabinet
 21-inch cabinet
 ETSI 23-Inch cabinet
 Rack Unit(U): Rack rails(slides) are divided
in regions 44.45mm in height called rack
unit.
 The industry standard rack cabinet is 42U
high

Rack Grounding

Power distribution & Breakers
AC to DC Converter

Transmission Media

DDFs – Digital Distribution Frame

ODFs – Optical Distribution Frame

Fiber Enclosure
Fiber Splice Box

Fiber Buffer
Fiber Splicing machine

Fiber Connector Types
(1)
 LC - Very popular connector used for high density
connections used with SFP, SFP+, XFP
 SC – frequently found on the previous generation of

corporate networking gear and ODFs.
 E2K – Used usually for ODFs. Has the advantage of the

protective cap
 FC – Used telecom, measurement equipment, single-mode

lasers; becoming less common

Fiber Connector Types
(2)
 ST - Multimode and rarely single mode
 MT-RJ – Used for duplex multimode connections
 LX.5 – High-density connections; rarely used for high power

applications.

Transceivers types
 SFP - Supports up to OTU1 – 1.25 Gbit/s

 SFP+ - Supports up to OTU2 – 10Gbit/s
 XFP– 10 Gigabit Small Form Factor Pluggable
 CFP – Usually used for 40Gbit/s and 100Gbit/sec

applications

Transceiver Specifications
•Wavelength
•Distance
•SX - for a maximum of 550 m at 1.25 Gbit/s (gigabit Ethernet) or 150m at
4.25 Gbit/s (Fiber Channel)
•LX - for distances up to 10 km
•EX - for distances up to 40 km
•ZX - for distances up to 80 km
•EZX - for distances up to 160 km
 Application type
 Rate

Agenda
1 Network Topology
1 Microwave

Introduction
 Microwave
 Microwave is a kind of electromagnetic wave. In a broad sense, the

microwave frequency range is from 300 MHz to 300 GHz. But In
microwave communication, the frequency range is generally from 3
GHz to 40 GHz.
 According to the characteristics of microwave propagation, microwave

can be considered as plane wave.
 The plane wave has no electric field and magnetic field longitudinal
components along the propagation direction. The electric field and
magnetic field components are vertical to the propagation direction.
Therefore, it is called transverse electromagnetic wave and TEM wave
for short.

Microwave transmission – Main
applications in Access Network
Closing a fibre ring
Mobile Backhaul
Business access
HUAWEI
ETR\Radu TECHNOLOGIES
Dragan CO., LTD.
| Ericsson Internal Huawei
| Transmission Confidential
training overview | 2010-06-22 | Page 21
Microwave frequency band selection
 Generally-used frequency bands in digital microwave transmission:

 7G/8G/11G/13G/15G/18G/23G/26G/32G/38G (defined by ITU-R Recommendations)
1.5 GHz 2.5 GHz

Regional network
Long haul trunk 11 GHz

3.3 GHz
network
Short haul network, regional and
2/8/34 boundary network
Mbit/s
34/140/155 Mbit/s
2/8/34/140/155 Mbit/s
GHz
1 2 3 4 5 8 10 20 30 40 50

RF channel configuration
 In each frequency band, subband frequency ranges, transmitting/receiving

spacing (T/R spacing), and channel spacing are defined.
Frequency range
f0 (center frequency)
Low frequency band High frequency band
T/R spacing
Protection T/R spacing
spacing
Channel Adjacent channel Channel

spacing T/R spacing spacing
f1 f2 fn f1’ f2’ fn’

Digital communication modulation
 Unmodulated digital signals are called digital baseband signals. For microwave
transmission, baseband signals must be converted into carrier signals, because they
cannot be directly transmitted over microwave channels.
A/D Digital D/A

Network
• longer distances over lower quality lines • receives signal

• capacity utilization • extracts bit pattern
• high bandwidth links economical • retransmits
• high degree of multiplexing easier with • attenuation is overcome
digital techniques • noise is not amplified
• security and privacy/encryption • data integrity
• integration between differing vendors
• can treat analogue data as digital data with
sampling

 The following formula indicates a digital baseband signal being converted into a digital frequency
band signal.
X(t)=A*COS(wc*t+φ) PSK and QAM are

most frequently
used in digital
microwave.
Amplitude Frequency Phase
 ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying. Use the digital baseband signal to change the carrier
amplitude (A). Wc and φ remain unchanged.
 FSK: Frequency Shift Keying. Use the digital baseband signal to change the carrier
frequency (Wc). A and φ remain unchanged.
 PSK: Phase Shift Keying. Use the digital baseband signal to change the carrier
phase (φ). Wc and A remain unchanged.
 QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. Use the digital baseband signal to change
the carrier phase (φ) and amplitude (A). Wc remains unchanged.

 BPSK modulation
 QPSK modulation
 QAM modulation

256QAM
128QAM
64QAM Lower-efficiency modulation scheme =

Higher system gain
32QAM
Higher-efficiency modulation scheme =
16QAM
Higher spectrum efficiency
QPSK
Highest-efficiency modulation scheme
4QAM/QPSK 16QAM 64QAM

Polarization
• Include single-polarization and dual-polarization. CCDP (Co-Channel Dual Polarization), CCDP
doubles the link capacity by transmitting two orthogonal polarization waves over the same link .
• Single-polarization transmission mode

•Single-polarization transmission mode:
• horizontally polarized transmission mode
• vertically polarized transmission mode
• CCDP(Co-Channel Dual Polarization) transmission mode
•CCDP：
• XPIC： XPIC cancels the cross-
polarization interference between the
two polarization waves.

Polarization
•Single-polarization transmission mode:

• How to change polarization mode from V to H
•CCDP：
• XPIC： Uses coupler to connect 2
ODUs with V and H polarizations

Power control
• MTPC – Manual Transmitter Power Control

• Power characteristics are set manually
• ATPC– Automatic Transmitter Power Control

• Power characteristics are adjusted by the IDU

Link budget
Output
power Antenna
gain
Feeder
loss
POWER SCALE
Wave propagation losses
Feeder
loss Received power
Antenna
gain Fade margin
Receiver threshold

Wave propagation losses
• Free Space Loss – Describes ideal wave loss in a vacuum only. Always present and
depends solely on frequency and distance.
• Gas Absorption – Wave loss due primarily from water vapor and oxygen. Strongly
dependent on frequency, temperature and relative humidity.
• Refraction – Also known as k-type fading. Caused by a wave striking a medium
having different velocity of propagation that originally transmitted.
• Reflection – Ground reflection. Due to its fading characteristics, reflection is not
normally included in link budget.
• Diffraction – Also known as obstacle loss. Dependent on fresnel zone (function of
frequency).
• Multipath Fading – Occurs when a transmitted signal divides and takes more than one
path to a receiver and some of the signals arrive out of phase, resulting in a weak or
fading signal.
• Precipitation – Main contributor is rain due to raindrop oblate shape and water
molecule dipole.

Free space loss
Free Space Loss Calculation
A 0 = 92.4 + 20 log d + 20 log f

Where d = distance in km
f = frequency in GHz
(refer to isotropic antennas)

Gas Absorption
1000
Gases to be considered
• Dry air (oxygen)
100 • Water vapor
dB / km
H2O H2O
O2
10
Attenuation Coefficient
O2
1
0,2-1,0 dB/km H2O

0,1
0,01
10 50 100 500 1000
Radio Frequency (GHz)

Refraction
Radio optical line of sight

Geometrical line of sight

• Propagation factors
Refraction Temperature
Air pressure
Humidity
k>1
k=1
k<1

Reflection

Fresnel Zone
•The signal power is distributed in the space surrounding the direct line of sight.
•The higher the frequency, the smaller the Fresnel zone.

Difraction
Obstacle loss depends on:

• The size of the obstacle
• The penetration of the 1st Fresnel zone

Agenda
1 Network Topology
1 Microwave
1 System Components

Basic Components
 The main components of any Split-Mount

/Direct Mount microwave equipment are:
 Antenna
 ODU
 IF Cable
 IDU
 Coupler

IF to RF conversion
• Intermediate frequency (IF) is a frequency to which a carrier frequency is shifted as an
intermediate step in transmission or reception. IF values are determined by the product
architecture.
• Radio frequency (RF) is a rate of oscillation in the range of about 300 kHz to 300 GHz, which
corresponds to the frequency of electrical signals normally used to produce and detect radio
waves.
RF RF
ODU ODU
IF IF

ODU- Outdoor Unit
An ODU converts IF/RF signals into RF/IF signals and then amplifies RF/IF signals.
Uplink IF/RF conversion
IF
Frequency Sideband Power RF
amplificat
mixing filtering amplification attenuation
ion
Local
oscillation Power
ATPC
(Tx) detection
Local
oscillation RF loop
(Rx)
IF Frequency Low-noise Bandpass

Filtering
amplification mixing amplification filtering
Supervi
sion and
control Downlink RF/IF conversion
signal
Alarm and control

IDU - Indoor Unit
• An IDU receives/transmits, grooms, multiplexes, and modulates/demodulates service signals.
It converts service signals into IF analog signals.
 Main function units of an IDU:
• Control unit
• Modem
• Service cards- PDH, SDH,
Ethernet
• Cross-connect unit
• Power supply unit
Antenna
• An antenna focalizes the RF signals from antennas, increasing the signal gain. In the transmit
direction, an antenna converts RF signals into electromagnetic waves, and then radiates the
electromagnetic waves into space. In the receive direction, an antenna converts electromagnetic
waves into RF signals, and then sends the RF signals to the ODU.
Antenna
categories are
determined by the
following factors.
Frequency
band
Specification Antenna
diameter
Frequency 7G/8G/11G/13G/15G/18G/23G
Band /26G/32G/38G
Diameter 0.3 m/0.6 m/1.2 m/2.5 m/3.2 m

Polarization
mode
Polarizatio Single-polarization/dual-
n mode polarization

IDU to ODU connection
IF cable, which is used to transmit IF signals and supply power

1+0 Protection Configuration
 Outdoor
 Radio Unit (1)
 Antenna (1)
 Indoor
 Modem Unit (1)
 Switch Multiplexer Unit* (1)

1+1 Protection Configuration
 Outdoor
 Radio Unit (2)
 Antenna (1)
 Indoor
 Modem Unit (2)

Frequency Diversity
 Outdoor
 Radio Unit (2)
 Antenna (1)
 Indoor
 Modem Unit (2)

Space Diversity
 Outdoor
 Radio Unit (2)
 Antenna (1)
 Indoor
 Modem Unit (2)

Thank You!

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BO Open Doors

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

2 Basic Network Components

3 Transport Layers and Technologies

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

2 Basic Network Components

3 Transport Layers and Technologies

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

2 Basic Network Components

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 7

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 8

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 9

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 10

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 11

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 12

Fiber Splice Box

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 13

Fiber Splicing machine

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

 SC – frequently found on the previous generation of

 E2K – Used usually for ODFs. Has the advantage of the

 FC – Used telecom, measurement equipment, single-mode

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 15

 MT-RJ – Used for duplex multimode connections

 LX.5 – High-density connections; rarely used for high power

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 16

 SFP - Supports up to OTU1 – 1.25 Gbit/s

 XFP– 10 Gigabit Small Form Factor Pluggable

 CFP – Usually used for 40Gbit/s and 100Gbit/sec

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 17

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 18

2 Basic Network Components

3 Transport Layers and Technologies

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

 Microwave is a kind of electromagnetic wave. In a broad sense, the

 According to the characteristics of microwave propagation, microwave

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

Closing a fibre ring

 Generally-used frequency bands in digital microwave transmission:

1.5 GHz 2.5 GHz

Long haul trunk 11 GHz

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 22

 In each frequency band, subband frequency ranges, transmitting/receiving

Channel Adjacent channel Channel

f1 f2 fn f1’ f2’ fn’

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

A/D Digital D/A

• longer distances over lower quality lines • receives signal

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

X(t)=A*COS(wc*t+φ) PSK and QAM are

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 25

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

64QAM Lower-efficiency modulation scheme =

Highest-efficiency modulation scheme

4QAM/QPSK 16QAM 64QAM

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

• Single-polarization transmission mode

• CCDP(Co-Channel Dual Polarization) transmission mode

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

•Single-polarization transmission mode:

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

• MTPC – Manual Transmitter Power Control

X(t)=ACOS(wct+φ) PSK and QAM are