SAMPLING FOR

RESEARCH
OBJECTIVES:

▸Differentiate the various methods of sampling

▸Formulate the criteria for choosing the
participants of their respective studies.
3

review
Some of the most
common qualitative
research designs include:
Phenomenological
Historical
Case study
Grounded Theory
Action research
4
Choose the letter of the best answer

1. Consider this title: “The Lived Experiences

of Surviving a Tornado.”
Which of the following designs did the
researcher most likey use?
a. Ethnographic
b. Phenomenological
c. Historical
d. Grounded theory
5
Choose the letter of the best answer

2. Which type of qualitative research approach

would be most appropriate to study the practice of
actively changing or modifying teaching techniques
in order to improve students’ learning experience?
a. Action research
b. Grounded theory
c. Phenoenological Study
d. Historical study
6
Choose the letter of the best answer

3. Gabriel, a senior high school student wanted to

find out the performance of the previous two officers
of the student body council. He was involved in what
type of qualitative research?
a. Action research
b. Meta-analysis
c. Historical study
d. Grounded theory
7
Choose the letter of the best answer

4. The Metro Manila Development Authority is set to

review the traffic management scheme being
implemented in the metropolis. Several studies have
been conducted in the past, but these produced
inconsistent results. Which design should the MMDA
use for its new study?
a. Action research design
b. Meta-analysis design
c. Historical design
d. Case study design
8
Choose the letter of the best answer

5. The qualitative research entitled “ The Experiences

of Students Engaged in Bullying: Basis for the
Program of Prevention,” is a type of _____.
a. Case study
b. Action research
c. Grounded theory study
d. Historical study
9
Choose the letter of the best answer

6.Wanting to increase your understanding of the

burial practices of the Mangyans, you choose the
qualitative research design called
a. Historical
b. Ethnographic
c. Phenomenological
d. Grounded theory
10
Choose the letter of the best answer

7. A great degree of man’s emotionality surfaces in a

research design called
a. Case study
b. Ethnography
c. Historical
d. Phenomenology
11
Choose the letter of the best answer

8. This cliché – When you are in Rome, do what the

Romans do – is true for
a. Case study
b. Historical study
c. Phenomenology
d. Ethnography
12
Choose the letter of the best answer

9.A researcher’s personal participation in people’s

activities is necessary in
a. Historical
b. Phenomenological
c. Ethnography
d. Case study
13
Choose the letter of the best answer

10. Which of the following is NOT a qualitative

research method?
a. Interviews
b. Observation
c. Focus group discussion
d. Surveys with numerical questions
14

SAMPLING
A significant part of the whole
“
By a small sample, we may judge of
the whole piece.

-Miguel de Cervantes from Don Quixote

16

Pretend
that you are cooking a meal for your
family. You are preparing your specialty
dishes- pork adobo and sinigang na
bangus- and of course, steamed white
rice to complete your meal. You are
almost finished, but you want to check if
everything tastes good and has been
cooked just the way your family likes it.
What will you do?
17
Question

1. Of course, you do not need to eat everything to

find out how the dishes taste. But how much do you
need to eat to find out whether or not the dishes are
as desired?
18
Question

2. The rice and even the adobo are more or less

homogenous. What about the sinigang na bangus
and its multiple ingredients? How do you check if its
well done and tasty?
19
Question

3. How do you think this activity is related to

research?
20

SAMPLING
A significant part of the whole
21
Sampling defined

▸ Is a process through which researcher selects a

portion or segment from the population at the
center of the researcher’s study.
▸ The chosen one constitute the sample through
which you will derive facts and evidence to
support the claims or conclusions propounded by
your research problem.
22
POPULATION

Population is a group of persons or objects that

possess some common characteristics that are of
interests to the researcher, and about which the
researcher seeks to learn more.
23
POPULATION

TARGET Population is ACCESSIBLE

composed of the entire Population is a portion
group of people or of the population to
objects to which the which the researcher
researcher wishes to has reasonable access.
generalize the findings
of the study
24
SAMPLING

Researchers commonly selects sample for study

rather than the entire populations due to
constraints in budget, time, and manpower.
25
SAMPLING

INDIVIDUAL PARTICIPANTS:
▸ Subject
▸ Respondent

▸ SUBJECTS: serve as focus of the study

▸ RESPONDENTS: sources of information during
data gathering/collection.
26
SAMPLING

INDIVIDUAL PARTICIPANTS:
▸ Subject
▸ Respondent

▸ Both may also be referred to as elements.

27
STATISTICS

Statistics is a number describing a property of a

sample

Paramater is a number describing the property of

a population
28
STATISTICS

a statistic can be used to estimate the parameter

in what is called statistical inference.

Example: Marriages in the year 2016

Parameter: the mean age of all men
Sample: 1000 subjects
Sample mean: 31 yo
Conclusion: mean age of Filipino men who
married in 2016 is likely to be close to 31, as well.
29
STATISTICS

FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN DETERMINING THE

SAMPLE SIZE
1. Homogeneity of the population. The higher the
degree of homogeneity of the population the
smaller the sample size that can be utilized.
30
STATISTICS

FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN DETERMINING THE

SAMPLE SIZE
2. Degree of precision desired by the researcher.
The larger the sample size, the higher the
precision or accuracy of the results will be.
31
STATISTICS

FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN DETERMINING THE

SAMPLE SIZE
3. Types of sampling procedure.
Probability sampling uses smaller sample sizes
than non-probability sampling
32
STATISTICS

VARIOUS APPROACH TO DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE

1. Sample sizes as small as 30 are generally adequate to

ensure that the sampling distribution of the mean will
approximate the normal curve (Shott, 1990).
33
STATISTICS

VARIOUS APPROACH TO DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE

2. When the total population is equal to or less than 100,

this same number may serve as the sample size . This is
called universal sampling.
34
STATISTICS

VARIOUS APPROACH TO DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE

3. Slovin’s formula is used to compute for sample size

(Sevilla, 2003)
n= N/1+Ne²
35
STATISTICS

VARIOUS APPROACH TO DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE

4. According to Gay (1976), the following are the

acceptable sizes for different types of research:
Descriptive research- 10% to 20% may be required
Comparative research- 15 subjects or groups
36
STATISTICS
VARIOUS APPROACH TO DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE

5. By using Calmorin’s formula, the problem is solved

as follows:
Ss=NV+[Ss²+(1-p)]/ Nse+[V²+p(1-p)]
Where:
Ss-sample size
V- standard value(2.58) of 1%level of probability with
99% reliability
Se-sampling error
P-the largest possible relation
37

Types and Subtypes of Sampling

Probability and
Non-Probability
Sampling
38
Sampling

1. Probability Sampling or Unbiased Sampling

is a type of sampling in which all the members of

an entire population have a chance of being
selected. This is also called scientific sampling.
39
Probability Sampling

a.Simple random sampling

Is a method of choosing samples in which all the

members of the population are given an equal
chance of being selected.
Roulette wheel, fishbowl method, and the use of a
table of random numbers.
40
Probabi lity Sampling

a.Simple random sampling

Fishbowl method:
Strips of paper with listed names then placed in a
container.
41
Probability Sampling

a.Simple random sampling

Table of random number
a number is a assigned to each element of the
accessible population. Systematic movement
should be followed for going up or down, left or
right or diagonally.
42
Probability Sampling

b.Stratified random sampling

The population is first divided into different strata, and then the
sampling follows. Age, gender, and educational qualifications are
some possible criteria used to divide the population to divde the
strata.
43
Probability Sampling

b.Stratified random sampling

Example:
A researcher will study the common effects of smoking
on high schools students. The researcher decides to elect equal
numbers of students from the freshman, sophomore, junior , and
senior levels.
44
Probability Sampling

c. Cluster Sampling
Is used in large-scale studies, where the population is
geographically spread out. Sampling procedure may be difficult
and time consuming.
45
Probability Sampling

c. Cluster Sampling
Example:
A researcher wants to interview 100 teachers across the
country. It will be difficult and expensive on their part to have
respondents in 100 different cities or provinces. Cluster sampling
is helpful for the researcher who randomly selects the regions
(first cluster), then selects the schools (second cluster), and then
the number of teachers.
46
Probability Sampling

d. Systematic sampling
Is a method of selecting every nth element of population, e.g.,
every fifth, eight, ninth or eleventh element until the desired
sample size is reached.
47
Non- Probability Sampling

It is a process of selecting respondents in which

not all members of the entire population are given
a chance of being selected as samples.

There are cases that certain segments of a

population are given priority over others, such as
when a researcher does not intend to generalize to
a larger population.
48
Non- Probability Sampling

This is also called non-scientific sampling, and is

commonly used in qualitative research.
49
Non- Probability Sampling

a. Convenience sampling It is also called

accidental or incidental sampling.
Example:
A researcher intends to study the elementary
students of particular school, and has determined
the desired sample size. Due to the study’s
constraints, the elementary pupils who are present
at the time of the researcher’s visit to the school
will be chosen as respondents.
50
Non- Probability Sampling

b. Quota Sampling
Is somewhat similar to stratified sampling, in that the population
is divided into strata, and the researcher deliberately sets specific
proportions in the sample, whether or not the resulting
proportions is reflective of the total population. This is commonly
done to ensure the inclusion of a particular segment of the
population.
51
Non- Probability Sampling

b. Quota Sampling

Example:
A researcher wants to survey the employees of a
company regarding their thoughts on the company’s new
policies. The researcher intends to have representatives from all
departments in his sample, but one department is so small that
doing random sampling might result in that department not being
represented fro that department to ensure their inclusion in the
sample.
52
Non-Probability Sampling

c. Purposive Sampling

Involves handpicking subjects to suit very specific intentions.

This is called judgmental sampling.

Example:
In a study about honor students, the researcher uses a
list of honor students and chooses the necessary number of
respondents, to the exclusion of all other students.
53
So how do you think is Probabilty and Non-Probability
different fro each other?
54
explain your ideas

▸What is the importance of describing the

participants of the study?
▸What is the difference between a subject
and a respondent?
▸Why does the sample need to be the
representative of the population?
▸Why do researchers draw samples instead
of examining entire population?
55
QUIZ

▸A group of entrepreneurs is asked to fill

out a survey.
a. Subjects
b. Respondents
c. Parameter
d. statistics
56
QUIZ

▸A sampling method where all members of

the population are given equal chances to
be included in the sample.
a. Quota
b. Systematic
c. Simple random
d. Convenience
57
QUIZ

▸The mean age of the population is 35.

a. Parameter
b. Subject
c. Respondents
d. Quota
58
QUIZ

▸Individuals who are the focus of the study,

but do not serve as data sources.

a. Respondents
b. Subjects
c. Quota
d. parameter
59
QUIZ

▸This number of elements generally forms

an adequate sample.
a. 10
b. 20
c. 30
d. 40
60
QUIZ

▸ A sampling method which uses every nth

element of the population.
a. Quota
b. Simple random
c. Convenience
d. Systematic
61
QUIZ

▸ Every person who enters the gate is

included in the sample
a. Quota
b. Simple random
c. Systematic
d. Convenience
62
QUIZ

▸ Names are put in a bowl, and the

researcher draws them at random to
generate a sample.
a. Quota
b. Simple random
c. Systematic
d. Convenience
63
QUIZ

▸ The researcher made sure to include 15

honor students in his sample of 100
students.
a. Quota
b. Simple random
c. Systematic
d. Convenience
64

▸How many got 8 out 0f 10?

65

▸Homework:
1. Describe the population of your study
and its pertinent characteristics.
2. How big will your sample be? How did
you arrive at this sample size?
3. What sampling method will you use?
Explain why you chose this method?
66

4. How will you draw your sample? State

your steps in doing this,
5. What are the qualifying criteria for the
selection of your sample?