MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING

AIRCRAFT MATERIALS AND PROCESSES (NDT)

PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES AND FUNDAMENTALS OF
MAGNETIC PARTICLES
- Electricity - Permanent Magnets
- Magnetism - Electromagnetic yoke
- Lines of Force - Portable and Stationary Yoke
- Magnetic Field around a - Types of Current
Conductor
- Field Distribution In Magnetic - Demagnetization
and Nonmagnetic Conductors - Maintenance and use of the
- Magnetic Flux equipment's
- Magnetizing Force
ELECTRICITY
- Current
Is defined as an orderly movement of electrons from one part of a
circuit to another. To obtain this movement in a simple electric circuit,
it is necessary to have a source of electrical pressure and a complete
external electric circuit comprising a system of conductors connected
to the source.
- Voltage The potential difference
between two points, is the work
The charge has an associated
that has to be done to move a
potential energy because of its
unit positive charge between
position.
them.
the electrical potential
difference is defined in terms of
potential energy per unit charge.
Alternating Current
We wish to maintain a continuous current in a conductor, we have
to maintain a field.
A potential difference, within it. If the field reverses its direction
periodically the flow of charge reverses and the current is thus
alternating between the two constant maximum positive and
minimum negative values.
Direct Current
Shall be flowing in any conductor if the applied field is always in
the same direction even though it may fluctuate in magnitude.

- The lead storage batteries and other forms of cells are true sources
of direct current. Use of rectifiers and filters helps in obtaining
direct current from AC sources.
 MAGNETIC POLES
- POLES are the points near each end of
a magnet where the magnetism
MAGNETISM appears to be concentrated.
- The origin of the magnetism is - The poles are distinguished by letters
due to the spin motion of the N (north) and S (south).
electrons.
- Each atom besides spinning
around its nucleus also spins on
an axis through it.
- The rotation and spin give rise to
magnetic field.

PERMANENT MAGNET
- Are produced by heat treating
specially formulated alloys in a
strong magnetic field.
During the heat treating process,
the magnetic domains become
aligned and remain aligned after
removal of the external field.
Common examples of permanent
magnetic materials include alloys of
aluminum, nickel and cobalt (alnico);
copper, nickel and cobalt (cunico);
copper, nickel and iron (cunife); and
cobalt and molybdenum (comol).
HYSTERESIS LOOPS FOR TYPICAL
FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS

TEMPORARY MAGNETS
Materials, such as mild steel
which are easily magnetizable, lose
part or whole of the magnetism on
removal of the applied field.
the magnetic domains which align
themselves with the applied field
are thus easily distributed on the
removal of the external field leaving
the material partially magnetized.
LEAKAGE FIELD
Sound Material – the basic idea of magnetic
particle inspection is to locate and identify
discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials.
Surface Discontinuity – if a very small
ferromagnetic particles were sprinkled over
the surface of the object, they would be
attracted and held by the leakage field in the
region of the discontinuity.
Internal Discontinuity – a discontinuity that lies
deep within the object, however, may not be
disturb the lines of force sufficiently to cause
them to emerge the surface.
Orientation of Discontinuity – a discontinuity
oriented parallel to the magnetic field in the
object will have far less effect on the field than
a discontinuity perpendicular to the field.

LINES OF FORCE
The direction and intensity of a
field surrounding a magnet can be
shown by drawing imaginary “lines
of forces” to indicate the path that
an isolated N pole would take if it
were free to move.
Lines of force have the following
properties:
- They are in a state of longitudinal
tension and tend to contract in length.
- They take parallel paths and, acting in
the same direction, tend to repel one
another.
- They are intersect.
- They emerge from the North Pole enter
the South Pole.
- Non – magnetic materials are
transparent to lines of force.
- They are deflected by and tend to pass
through magnetic materials.
MAGNETIC FIELD AROUND A CONDUCTOR

It was noted by Danish physicist Hans Oersted that an electric current in a

wire deflects a nearby compass needle.
- Since a magnetic needle is deflected only in a magnetic field, it can be easily
concluded that a wire produces a magnetic field around it.
TYPES OF MAGNETISM

COIL SHOT TYPE

-A best form of an
example of a longitudinal
magnetization technique.

-A magnetic field wherein

the lines of force traverse
the part in a direction
essentially
parallel with its major axis.
ELECTROMAGNETIC
YOKE
- type of magnetic particle testing
is the most reliable, easier, and it
is easy to carry outside the
hangar inspections.
PROD TYPE
-are typically made from copper and have an insulated handle to help
protect the operator.

-One of the prods has a trigger switch so that the current can be quickly
and easily turned on and off.

Sometimes the two prods are connected by any insulator to facilitate

one hand operation. This is referred to as a dual prod and is commonly
used for weld inspections.
HEAD SHOT TYPE
-The current is passed
directly into the jobs, the
resultant field is circular in
nature.

-The value of current is

dependent on the outside
diameter of the job.

-The value of current is the

same as for central
conductor or threading bar.
CABLE WRAP TYPE
- It is the same for
conducting a longitudinal
magnetization technique or
coil shot type of
magnetization but, cable
wrap is the additional or
excess cables that need to
wrap on the surface area if
the specimen is large as a
shaft of an aircraft, pipes or
crankshafts.
DEMAGNETIZATION

ALWAYS REQUIRED BEFORE AND AFTER

CONDUCTING AN NDT TEST.
INSTRUMENTS
- Pie field Indicator
- Gauss meter
PIE FIELD INDICATOR
- It is made from eight ferrous segments, braised into a single
piece, providing a star pattern of nonferrous discontinuities.
GAUSS METER
- This range of field indicators is to help you check and measure
magnetic field strength and direction.