EL 1O1

Introduction to Linguistics
Prepared by:
Nestlive De Lara
Carmela De Guzman
Ara Mae Ferrer
 CODE SWITCHING
• Practice of “unpredictably” changing
one’s language, dialect or speaking
style to better fit one’s environment.

• Mixing of two or more codes.

Example: The speaker switches
between two codes (Malay and
English) within a single sentence.
 TYPES OF CODE
SWITCHING
TAG SWITCHING

• Is a flexible and efficient network

communication mechanism
Example: No one at the office was
wiling to say anything except that is ka
order ooper se aya hai.
 INTER SENTENIAL
SWITCHING
• The alternation in a single discourse
between two languages, where the
switching occurs after a sentence in the
first language has been completed and
the next sentence starts with a new
language.
Example: Main to Yahan Hun. What
happened?
Example: Main to Yahan Hun. What
happened?
 INTRA SENTENIAL
SWITCHING
• The alternation in a single discourse
between two languages, where the
switching occurs within a sentence.

Example: “Hum Kya Keh Rahy Hain,

He never bothered about it”
Example: “Hum Kya Keh Rahy Hain,
He never bothered about it”
REASONS FOR CODE-
SWITCHING
• To hide fluency or memory problems in the
second language.
• To mark switching from informal.
situations to formal situations.
• To change a topic.
• To exert control, especially between.
parents and students.
• To express someone’s emotion.
• To fit better in the group.
WHAT IS CODE?
 CODE MIXING
• Refers to the mixing of various
linguistic units. It is possible in
bilingual or multilingual
environments.
• Mixing of mostly words.
 TYPES OF CODE MIXING
INTRA SENTENIAL MIXING
• May range form the alternation of
single words, phrases to clauses
within a single sentence or
utterance.
Example: Really? James menaikkan
sebelah alis... (single word)
 EXTRA SENTENIAL
MIXING
• Normally it occurs between
sentences because it occurs at
sentence boundaries. Requires less
complex syntactic interaction
between two languages involved in
code mixing.
Example: I wanna focus on my career,
aku mau...
INNER CODE MIXING
OUTER CODE MIXING
 TYPES OF CODE MIXING
ACCORDING TO MUYSKEN
• INSERTION (WORD PHRASES)
• ALTERATION
• CONGRUENT LEXICALIZATION
(DIALECT)
 KEYWORD FOR CODE
MIXING
Sociolinguistics, Code mixing,
Form, Function, Multilingualism
REASONS FOR CODE-
MIXING
• Interjection
• Quoting somebody else
• Talking about a particular topic
• Repetition used for clarification
• Being emphatic about something
• To exclude other people when a
comment is intended for only a limited
audience.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CODE
MIXING AND CODE SWITCHING

• Code mixing is mixing mostly of

words.
• Code switching is nothing but
switching from one language to another
to create special effect.
 TRIVIA
Indonesia is one of the country which has
multilingual languages is made up of plurality of
ethic groups, cultures and languages. So it is
common for Indonesian people to speak with
another language beside their mother language
(mother tongue) national language, even a
foreign language during their communication in
society.