Advanced Engineering

Mathematics
Course Content
Chapter I: Complex Numbers &
Complex Variables
1. Phasor Algebra
2. Forms of Complex Numbers
3. Addition of Complex of
Number
4. Subtraction of Complex
Number
5. Multiplication of Complex
Number
6. Power, Root, and Logarithm of
Complex Number
Chapter II: Laplace & Inverse
Laplace Transform
1. Laplace Transform
2. Inverse Laplace Transform
3. Linearity and Shifting Theorems
4. Differentiation and Integration
of Transforms
5. Limit Theorems
6. Unit Step Function
Chapter III: Matrices
1. Matrix Definition
2. Properties of Matrix
3. Cofactor of a Matrix
4. Rules of Finding the Inverse
Matrix
5. Properties of Inverse Matrix
6. Theorems of Determinants
7. Methods of Evaluating (n by n) Chapter VI: Power Series Solution
Determinants
Chapter IV: Power Series
1. Taylor Series Expansion
2. Maclaurin Series Expansion
Chapter V: Fourier Series
1. Periodic Functions
2. Fourier Series Definition
3. Odd and Even Periodic
Functions
4. Dirichlet Conditions
5. Exponential Fourier Series
6. Complex Notation for Fourier
Series
7. Parseval’s Identity
8. Fourier Transforms
of Differential Equations
1. Legendre Equation
2. Bessel Equations
Grading System & Reference
REFERENCES
Grading System 1. Kreyszig, Erwin. 1993. Advance
Engineering Mathematics, 7th and
Class Participation, 8th.Edition.John Wiley and Sons,
Inc.,NewYork, USA.
Attendance :10%
2. Wylie, C.R. and Barrete, Louis
Quiz :40% C.1995. Advance Engineering
Mathematics, 5th and 6th
Term Exam :50% Edition.McGraw-Hill, Inc. United
States of America.
Total :100%
3. Cope, Ruben P. 2003. Advance
Engineering Mathematics, 1st
Edition. Katha Publishing Co.,Inc.,
4. Ertel, Wolfgand. 2012. Advance
Mathematics for Engineers. 1st
Edition. Hochshule Ravensburg –
Weingarten. USA
5. Internet
 Chapter I
Complex Numbers & Complex Variables
Complex Number – is a combination of real and imaginary
numbers. The square root of a negative number is called
imaginary number where the imaginary unit denoted as “i”
satisfying the relation i = −𝟏

Let i – as an operator which produces 900 counterclockwise

rotation of any vector to which it is applied as a multiplying
factor.

im = (i2)m/2 = ±1 ; where m is even power of i

im = i(m-1) i = ±i ; where m is odd power of i
Theorems on Complex Numbers
1. If (x + iy) = 0 , then x = 0 and y = 0

Examples:
Solve for angles θ and α of the following.
a. (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) + 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 = 0
b. 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 − 𝑖 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 = 0

Solve for x & y of the following equations.

a. (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)2 = 2 + 𝑖4
b. (2𝑥 + 𝑖3𝑦)2 −6 − 𝑖12 = 0
Forms of Complex Numbers
1. Rectangular Form
Z = (x + iy)
where: x – real part or component
iy – imaginary part or imaginary component

2. Polar (or Steinmetz) form:

Z = 𝑟 ∠𝜃
where: r – magnitude or amplitude
θ – argument or displacement in degrees
∠ - read as bar angle
Forms of Complex Numbers continuation …

3. Trigonometric form
Z = r(cosθ ± isinθ) or rcjsθ or rcisθ

4. Exponential Form
Z = r e±iθ
where: θ = argument or displacement in radians
Examples:
1. Convert (6 – i3) to polar form, exponential form and trigonometric
form.

2. Convert 6∠-300 to rectangular form, exponential form and

trigonometric form.

3. Convert 5ei0.725 to rectangular form, polar form and trigonometric

form.
Operations of Complex Numbers
1. Addition and Subtraction
a. To add or subtract two or more complex numbers in rectangular
form, add or subtract real part to real part and imaginary part to
imaginary part.

Examples:
a) Let Z1 = 3 + 6i, Z2 = 4 + 4i, Z3 = 8 – 7i. Find Z1 + Z2 + Z3

b) Let Z1 = 3 + 7i, Z2 = 8 – 4i, Z3 = 7 – 8i. Find Z1 – Z2 – Z3

Operations of Complex Numbers
1. Addition and Subtraction continuation …
b. To add or subtract two or more complex numbers not in
rectangular form, convert first these complex numbers to
rectangular form and add or subtract real part to real part and
imaginary part to imaginary part.

Examples: Perform the indicated operation.

a) 3∠300 – (6 – 2i) + 5∠-200
b) (6 + 7i) – 10cjs300 + 10e0.752i + 5∠-250
Operations of Complex Numbers continuation …
2. Multiplication
The following are the rules in multiplication of complex numbers.
Rule 1 : The product of two or more complex numbers in polar
form, is equal to the product of their magnitude and the sum of
their directions.

Rule 2 : To find the product of two or more complex numbers in

rectangular form, i.e
(x1 + iy1)(x2 + iy2) = (x1x2 – y1y2) + i(x1y2 + x2y1)

Rule 3 : Convert all complex numbers to polar form and apply Rule 1
Operations of Complex Numbers
2. Multiplication continuation …

Examples: Find the product of the following and express the result in
polar form.
1) (5 + i3) (6∠300)

2) (6 + i7) (5∠350 + 7ei0.765 )

Operations of Complex Numbers continuation …
3. Division
The following are the rules in the division of complex numbers
Rule 1 : To perform division of complex numbers in polar form, divide
their magnitude and get the difference of their direction.

Rule 2 : The procedure for division of complex numbers in rectangular

form, multiply both numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the
denominator. The conjugate of a complex number in rectangular form say
(a +ib) is (a – ib). After multiplying the conjugate of the denominator both
numerator and denominator, rule 2 of the multiplication of complex
number.
Operations of Complex Numbers
3. Division continuation …

Examples:
75∠350
1) 62∠250

8∠−750
2) 4∠−200

5+𝑖4
3) 3+𝑖4

6+𝑖3
4) 4−𝑖2
Square Root of Complex Numbers
To evaluate the square root of a given complex number in polar form, simply
take the square root of magnitude and multiply the direction by one-half. Or
if the given complex number is in rectangular form, let that as (x+yi) =
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖, square both sides and simplify, then use theorem 2 of complex
number, this is an alternative method.

Examples:
1) Evaluate the square root of (3+4i) by two methods.
nth Root of Complex Numbers
From the general exponential form and trigonometric form.

Z = rei(θ + 2πk) = r cjs(θ + 3600k);

θ+360𝑘 θ+360𝑘
Wk = 𝑛
𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
𝑛 𝑛
Examples:

1. Find the three roots of 125.

2. Find the four roots of 16∠-200.
3. Determine the principal value of the following:
a. (3+2i)(3+2i)
DE MOIVRE’S THEOREM (Abraham De Moivre)
- States that for any complex number raised to the mth power, the outcomes
will be equal to another complex number with magnitude equal to the
original complex number’s magnitude raised to the mth power and the
argument equal to the original complex number’s argument multiplied by
“m”.

Expressing the theorem in equation;

(rcjsθ)m = (rei𝜃)m
rm (cjsθ)m = rm cjsnθ = rm eiθm
(cosθ + i sinθ)m = cos mθ + i sinmθ)
Examples:

1. Show that cos2θ = 1 – 2sin2θ and sinθ = 2sinθ = 2sinθ 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 θ by

De Moivre’s Theorem.
(𝑐𝑜𝑠2θ+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛2θ)2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠6θ+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛6θ)2
2. Simplify
(𝑐𝑜𝑠3θ+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛3θ)3 (𝑐𝑗𝑠10θ)