Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
-- Axial Loading
Statics – deals with undeformable bodies (Rigid bodies)
Mechanics of Materials – deals with deformable bodies
-- Need to know the deformation of a boy under
various stress/strain state
-- Allowing us to computer forces for statically
indeterminate problems.
The following subjects will be discussed:
Stress-Strain Diagrams
Modulus of Elasticity
Brittle vs Ductile Fracture
Elastic vs Plastic Deformation
Bulk Modulus and Modulus of Rigidity
normal strain
L
d
lim
x 0 x dx
1. Elastic Modulus
2. Yield Strength – lower and upper Y.S. -- y
5. Necking
6. Reduction in Area
8. Percent Elongation
9. Proportional Limit
2.3 Stress-Strain Diagram
LB Lo
Percent elongation = 100%
Lo
A0 AB
Percent reduction in area = 100%
Ao
2.4 True Stress and True Strain
Eng. Strain = True Strain = t ( L / L)
Lo
Lo = original length L = instantaneous length
dL
L L
t n (2.3)
Lo L Lo
2.5 Hooke's Law: Modulus of Elasticity
E (2.4)
2
Some Important Concepts:
1. Recoverable Strain
2. Permanent Strain – Plastic Strain
3. Creep
lower than y
The -N curve = stress vs life curve
E (2.4)
P
(2.5)
E AE
L (2.6)
PL
(For Homogeneous rods)
AE
Pi Li
i Ai E i
(For various-section rods)
Pdx
d dx (For variable cross-section rods)
AE
P
L Pdx
(2.9)
o AE
PL
B/ A B A (2.10)
AE
2.9 Statically Indeterminate Problems
Example 2.02:
Example 2.02
1 2
Superposition Method for Statically
Indeterminate Problems
Example 2.04
Example 2.04
L R 0
2.10 Problems Involving Temperature Changes
T ( T ) L 2(.21)
= coefficient of thermal
expansion
T + P = 0
T T T ( T ) L
PL
P
AE
PL
T P ( T ) L 0
AE
Therefore:
P AE ( T )
P
E ( T )
A
2.11 Poisson 's Ratio
x x / E
lateral strain
Poisson ' s Ratio
axial strain
y z
x x
X
X
E E
x y z
2.12 Multiaxial Loading: Generalized Hooke's Law
Principle of Superposition:
-- The combined effect = (individual effect)
Binding assumptions:
1. Each effect is linear
2. The deformation is small and does not
change the overall condition of the body.
2.12 Multiaxial Loading: Generalized Hooke's Law
x y z
x
E E E
x y z
y (2.28)
E E E
x y z
z
E E E
1 x y z
e x y z ( 2.30)
e = dilation = volume strain = change in volume/unit volume
X y z 2 ( X y z )
e (2.31)
E E
1 2
e ( X y z )
E
Special case: hydrostatic pressure -- x, y, z = p
3(1 2 ) E
e p Define: (2.33)
E 3(1 2 )
p
e (2.33)
= bulk modulus = modulus of compression +
E
Since = positive,
3(1 2 )
3 E
= 0 e
E
p
3
3(1 2 ) e0
=½ e
E
p 0
-- Perfectly incompressible materials
2.14 Shearing Strain
yz G yz zx G zx (2.37)
The Generalized Hooke’s Law:
X y z
x
E E E
X y z
y
E E E
X y z
z
E E E
xy yz zx
xy yz zx
G G G
2.18 Further Discussion of Deformation under Axial Loading:
Relation Among E, , and G
E
1
2G
E
G
2(1 )
Saint-Venant’s Principle:
-- the localized effects caused by any load acting on the
body will dissipate or smooth out within region
that are sufficiently removed form the location of
he load.
2.16 Stress-Strain Relationships for Fiber-Reinforced
Composite Materials
-- orthotropic materials
y z
xy and xz
x x
X xy y zx z
x
Ex Ey Ez
xy X y zx z
y
Ex Ey Ez
xy X yz y z
z
Ex Ey Ez
xy yx yz zy zx xz
E x E y E y Ez Ez E x
xy yz zx
xy yz zx
G G G
2.17 Stress and Strain Distribution Under Axial Loading:
Saint-Venant's Principle
P
y ( y )ave
A
In reality:
2.18 Stress Concentrations
-- Stress raiser at locations where geometric discontinuity occurs
max
K = Stress Concentration Factor
ave
2.19 Plastic Deformation
Elastoplastic behavior
y Y C
Rupture
A D
For max < Y
max max
K ave
ave K
max A
P ave A
K
For max = Y
Y A
PY
K
For ave = Y
PU Y A
PU
PY
K
2.20 Residual Stresses