Introduction To Fsheries &

Aquaculture(AQFS-2709)
Presented to:
Dr.Muhammad Farooq
Presented by:
Zubair Iqbal
2015-VA-219
7th(morning)
Learning outcomes:
• Definition
• Differnce between fish & fisheries
• What fisheries include???
• Difference between fisheries & aquaculture
• Importance of aquaculture
• Types of aquaculture
• Scope of fisheries & aquaculture in pakistan
• Interesting facts
Definition:
Fisheries are concerned with fish or shellfish. They
mainly deal with catching, processing, and
selling fish
Fish catching techniques:
• Fishing techniques include hand-gathering, spearfishing,
netting, angling and trapping
Spearfishing method:
• Spearfishing is an ancient method of fishing that has been used
throughout the world for millennia. Early civilizations were familiar
with the custom of spearing fish from rivers and streams using
sharpened sticks
Netting:
• hand netting is the only legal way of catching and has been
practised for thousands of years on the Rivers Parrett and Severn.
Landing nets are large handheld nets that are used to lift
caught fish out of the water, most commonly in angling and
fly fishing.
Angling:
• Angling is a method of fishing by means of an "angle" (fish hook).
The hook is usually attached to a fishing line and the line is often
attached to a fishing rod. Modern fishing rods are usually fitted with
a fishing reel that functions as a mechanism for storing, retrieving
and paying out the line.
Difference between fish&fisheries:
• In fisheries – the term fish is used as a collective term, and includes
mollusks, crustaceans and any aquatic animal which is harvested. ...
True fish are also referred to as finfish or fin fish to distinguish them
from other aquatic life harvested infisheries or aquaculture.
Types of fisheries:

• There are two main types of fisheries: Inland fisheries and

marine fisheries. Inland or Fresh Water Fisheries: Inland fishery deals
with the fishery aspects of waters other than marine water.
• Fisheries include familiar finned fish species, like cod and flounder;
mollusks,including oysters and squid; and crustaceans, such as
shrimp and crabs. Lesser-known fisheries include echinoderms, like
sea urchins; some amphibians, includingfrogs; and coelenterates,
such as jellyfish.
Diffrence between fishries&aquaculture:
• Fisheries are concerned with fish or shellfish. They mainly deal with
catching, processing, and selling fish. Meanwhile, anaquaculture is
related to the cultivation of both aquatic animals and aquatic plants
Aquatic animals & plants:
• Aquatic animals live in the water and depend on it for survival. There
are various groups of aquatic animals including fish, mammals
(whales), mollusks (sea snails), cnidarians (jellyfish), and crustaceans
(crabs).
• Aquatic plants are those which are adapted to grow in water. Duk
weed, lotus, mosquito fern, pond weed, tape grass, water hyacinth,
waterthyme etc. are theexamples of aquatic plants. Aquatic
plants add more than just aesthetic value to bodies of water; they
play a vital role in creating a balanced ecosystem
Importance of aquaculture:
• It serves different purposes including; food production, restoration of
threatened and endangered species populations, wild stock
population enhancement, building of aquariums, and fish cultures
and habitat restoration.
Types of aquaculture:
• There are two main types of aquaculture—marine and freshwater.
NOAA efforts primarily focus on marine aquaculture, which refers to
farming species that live in the ocean.
Species of fish in pakistan:

There are 531 species of

Fish in Pakistan. 233 of them
are of fresh water. Mahseer is
the national fish of Pakistan.
Mahseer are found in every province
throughout Pakistanin fresh water. It
is also known as the King of
Swat.Pakistan is an excellent place
to find Mahseer. Mahseer, also
known as the Himalayan Mahasher
or Golden Mahasher, are
commercially important game fish as
well as highly esteemed food fish in
Pakistan.
External Anatomy of a Bony Fish
Disinfection In Ponds

Presented By:

HASEEB UR REHMAN
2016-VA -82
DVM (M)
Disinfectant:
• Products used to kill microorganisms on inanimate
objects or surfaces.

• Disinfectants are not necessarily sporocidal but may be

sporostatic,inhibiting germination and outgrowth.
Criteria of selection
• EFFICACY

• SAFETY

• EASE OF USE

• COST
Disinfectants Uesd In Pond
• Lime
• Formalin
• Benzaklonium chloride
• Hyochloride
• Polyvinyl Pyrrolidine Iodine (PVPI)
• Copper Sulphate
• Potassium Permaganate( KMNO4)
• Organophosphates
Lime

• Integral part of pond disinfection

• It improves soil chemistry by decreasing soil acidity

&increasing soil alkanity.

• several types of lime are used in grow out ponds but

most commom is agricultural lime (CaCO3)

• About 100-300 kg/ha is applied to disinfect in pond.

Formalin

• active against wide range of microorganisms,

including fungi,bacteria and ectoparasites
• Kills microorgnasims by condensing aminoacids to
azomethines
• At a concentration of 5000 ppm is required for 6-12 hrs
to kill bacteria and to kill spores
Demerits
cause oxygen depletion
Benzaklonium Chloride

• It is a Quaternary ammonium compounds,toxic to

wide rang of bacteria ,fungi and viruses

• It is non-irritating to tissues and has rapid onset of action

• Suggested dosage is 1-1.25 ppm.

Hypochlorite

• Hypochlorites are potent germicidal agents.

• Both calcium and sodium hypochlorate act by

releasing hypochlorous acid as primary active ingredient.

• At pH 7, 0.1-0.25 ppm hypochlorite solution will kill most

of organisms in 15-20 sec.
Polyvinl Pyrrolidone Iodine(PVPI)

• Polyvinl Pyrrolidone Iodine is a iodophor compound.

• Complex of iodine that acts by releasing free iodine in

solution.

• Acts as strong oxidizing agent.

• 50 ppm solution will kill all microorganisms in 15 min.

Copper Sulphate

• Copper Sulphate is a broad-bases disinfecting agent.

• It is effective against bacteria ,fungi,protozoans,viruses

and algae.
• Copper Sulphate is used at rate of 1:2000 with
water/acre or 0.5 ppm in frsh water ponds.
Potassium Permaganate (KMNO4)

• KMNO4 is an oxidizing agent that will react with any

of organic matter in pond including algae ,bacteria,fish
and organic bottom sediments.
• used to kill common fish pathogens such as gill parasites
external parasites andfungal infections.
• Suggested dosage is 10 mg/L for 10 min.
Organophosphates

• Organophasphates are used in both fresh water ponds

and marine water.
• Main organophasphates used are dichlorvos,dursban
malathion and dipterex.
• Used to controll insects such as dragon fly larvae.

• Dosage is about 0.5- 1 ppm for 3 to 7 days.

Sodium Chloride

• Used as a 3% solution for 10-30 minutes as a

paraciticide.
• 0.5% solution is also used as a osmoregularity aid for
• relief of stress and prevention of shock.
Formulation and Preparation
of Aqua Feed
Presented by
MASOOD JAMAL
2016-VA-91
INTRODUCTION
• AQUACULTURE practices are intensive or semi-intensive.
• So external feeds are required.
• Proper nutrition is the influencing factor for sexual maturity ,growth
and longitivity.
• Requirement of nutrients varies with species and life stage.
• Basic purpose of feed formulation is to prepare a nutritionally
balanced feed stuff using knowledge of nutrient requirement ,locally
availability ingredients and digestive capacity of fish
FORMS OF DIET
• LIVE FOODS: required for larval stage of aquatic organisms
• FORAGE MATERIALS: like grasses or macrophytes which may be
introduced into culture system
• PREPARED FOODS: include a wide array of feeds like mixture of some
ingredients or microencapsulated diets
FEED INGREDIENTS
• A wide variety of intgredients are used in the formulation of fish feeds
• Grasses
• Legumes
• Miscellaneous fodder plants
• Fruits and vegetables
• Root crops
• Cereals
• Oil-bearing and oil cakes
• Animal products
• Miscellaneous food stuff
• Additives
 FEED FORMULATION
• Feed formulation is a process in which the appropriate
feed ingredient are selected and blended to produce a
diet with the required quantities of essential
nutrients.
• Following factors are considered during feed formulation
• Nutrient requirement of the specie
• Feeding habit of specie
• Availability ,cost and composition of the ingredients
• Expected feed consumption
• Feed additives needed
METHODS OF FEED PREPARATION

• Two methods are generally used for the preparation of aquatic feed
• PEARSON SQUARES METHOD
• LINEAR PROGRAMMING METHOD
PEARSON AQUARES METHOD
• In this method balances of amino acids and fatty acids are not
considered
• It is best and simply achieved methods
• Complicated cost formula used here is based on series of
simultaneous equations.
• Only one nutrient can be balanced i.e crude protein or crude fat
LINEAR PROGRAMMING
• It is another mathematical technique used for selecting best
combinations of feed ingredients at least cost.

• This method carries importance due to following reasons.

• It considers the importance of following things in feed
• protein and fat content in the diet
• Nutrient content and DE
• unit price of feed stuff
• any other additive used in the feedminimum and maximum
restriction on the amount of ingredients
• it is a high cost method so not useful for local formers
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN FEED
FORMULATION
• Nutrientment requirement
• Composition of ingredients
• Digestibility and nutrient availability
• Other dietary components
• Flavour Quality
CONSTRUCTION & COMPONENTS OF FISH
POND
BY
HAFIZ ABUBAKAR SIDDIQUE
2016-VA-80
7TH (MORNING)
Pond is an earthen embankment.

Pond is used for (growing fish, rearing fish, Spawning,

Breeding).

Water
Average depth 1.2 m
3

Figure: APond
There are 6 types of pond. These are-

a. Nursery Pond
b. Rearing Pond
c. Stocking Pond
d. Marketing P0nd
e. Brood Stock Pond
f. Quarantine Pond

4
3
Short Description.
a. Nursery Pond: The smallest and shallowest of
ponds for fish culture is a nursery pond. This is
about 0.02-0.05 ha. The water is about 1 m
deep. Fig.: Nursery Pond

b. Rearing Pond: A rearing pond is larger than a

nursery pond. It is 0.08-0.2 ha. The water is
about 1.5-2.0 m deep. Nursery and rearing
ponds can be seasonal.

Fig.: Rearing Pond

4
4
c. Stocking Pond:
A stocking pond is much larger, often 0.2-2.0 ha. It should be
2.0-3.5 m deep. This pond might be perennial or seasonal.

Fig. Stocking pond.

d. Marketing Pond:
• A marketing pond, which is small but quite deep.
• These ponds can be 0.05-0.10 ha in size with a water level
of 3-4 m in summer.
• Used to keep fish caught from a stocking pond for
sale. Fig. Marketing pond

4
5
e. Brood Stock Pond:
Brood stock ponds (0.2-0.4 ha) are perennial and have a water depth
of 2 m in the summer.
Fig. Brood stock pond.
f. Quarantine Pond:
i. Small (0.02 ha) but perennial (1.5 m deep) quarantine pond
for a time to verify that they are not infected.
ii. This pond is used to treat diseased fish from other ponds.

Fig. Quarantine pond. 8

 Importance Of Site Selection:

Good site selection is a pre-requisite in pond construction.

Improper site selection may lead to:

I.Difficulties in holding water in the pond.

II.High seepage.
III.Dike erosion.
IV.Low productivity of the pond
V.Inability to drain water completely, and
9
VI.Difficulties in harvesting.
A. Space Availability And Topography:

 Space of 200 m2 to construct a pond.

 Better to select flat land with a slight gradient.
 Sites with slight gradients (0.5 to 3 percent is better)
 Avoid areas with large undulations and rocks and with large
trees.

48
B. Water Supply And Water Quality:
Water Supply:

 The source of water should have adequate amount of water

 Streams, large rivers, small rivers, lakes and reservoirs can

be used.

Water Quality:

 Temperature (25 to 300 C)

 Dissolved oxygen (5-9ppm)
 pH (6.5-8.5)
49
 C. Soil Quality:

Physical quality:
Pond soil should have enough clay to hold water
100% clay may crack pond dike for exposing sunlight

Chemical quality:
Pond soil should not be acidic.
Acidic-soils make the pond water acidic.
Acidic-water retards growth of fish
Acidic water causes stress situation & disease.
50
Fishes Identification
BY
FAWAD AHMAD
Reg No. 2016-VA-85
Identification of fishes of Pakistan
• Usually the fishes used for food are studied
• These include…

• 1-Labeo Rohita Rohu

• 2-Catla Catla Thaila
• 3-cirrhinus mrigala
• 4-Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
• 5-ctenopharyngodon Idella
• 6-onchorhyncus mykiss
Labeo Rohita Rohu
• Common name:- Rohu
• In Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal
• Thick lips
• Back and lateral sides of body are bluish or brown
• Red marks present on each scale
• Weight ranges up to 45kg
• Concave body
• Upto 2m long body
• Whole body is scaled except mouth and head
• Small head and mouth
Rohu
Catla Catla Thaila
• Common name:- thaila
• In Pakistan, india, china, thiland, srilanka
• Elongated body
• Weigh up to 38kg and 182cm long
• Dorsal side is bluish and lateral sides are silvery
• Protruded lower jaw
• Broad head and mouth
Hypophthalmichthys moltrix
• Common name:- silver carp
• In india, Pakistan, south asia, africa
• Elongated compressed round body
• Silver coloured body
• Blackish fins
• Upper jaw is longer than lower jaw so mouth in ventrally present
Grass carp
• Common name:- grass
• Moderate length of body about 1m
• Body colour is dark grey but silvery at belly
• There are 2 rows of comb like teeth in throat
• It can easily survive on grass feed
• Small sized shells
Cirrhinus Mrigala
• Common name: mrigal
• Found in Pakistan, india, Nepal, srilanka, Burma, Thailand
• Very large specie
• Oblong and moderately compressed body
• Moderate sized scales
• Caudal fin is extremely forked
• Golden eyes
Mrigal continue
• Pectoral, anal, ventral fins are tinged black
• Body color is silvery, dark grey, sometimes coppery
• A pair of barbells is present
Ornamental Fishes
EGG LAYING ORNAMENTAL
FISHES

Tiger barb Rosi barb

Gold fish
Siamese Fighting Fish Blue Gourami

Dwarf Gourami Pearl Gourami

 LIVE BEARER FISHES

Guppy Angel fish

Sward tail
 WHAT IS AN AQUARIUM ?
 Aquarium is a glass tank which displays aquatic organism
in a simulated natural environment by introducing aquatic
plants, rocks, gravels, artificial decorative items etc.
 TYPES OF AQUARIUM

GLASS AQUARIA :-
This type of aquaria is rounded, oval, circular or cylindrical in shape
KALITH GLASS :-
They are rectangular aquarium made up of a special type of glass.
TRANSPARENT PLASTIC AQUARIA :-
It is made up of plastic sheets around which metallic rod is fitted.
WALLED SHAPED AQUARIA:-
This type of aquaria is fitted on walls.
 NATURE OF AQUARIUM

1.FRESH WATER AQUARIA :-

They are land aquarium and fresh water fishes are displayed in it.
2.MARINE WATER AQUARIA:-
It houses marine water flora and fauna in a harmony.
3.TROPICAL AQUARIA :-
It is of complex type, exotic fishes are kept in it.
ONLY Disease Name and
Causative agent prepared
Bacterial Diseases
 1) COLUMNARIS

• Cotton mouth disease

• Flavobacterium columnare
• Previously known as Bacillus columnaris, Chondrococcus
columnaris, Cytophaga columnaris and Flexibacter columnaris
• Present in fresh water
• Pond fish is the primary concern
• It is not zoonotic
 2) FRUNCULOSIS

• Highly contagious disease

• Aeromonas salmonicida
• High mortality in salmonids
• Freshwater and marine salmonid aquaculture
• Some other species are also affected
• Affected all ages of fish
 3) VIBRIOSIS

• Most prevalent fish disease

• Major importance to salmonid fish
• Vibrio anguillarum
• Also known as Red Pest of eels
• Gram negative, rod shaped having single polar flagellum
• Cultured and wild marine fish
• Causes haemorrhagic septicemia and leucopenia
• Zoonotic
 4) FIN ROT

• Pseudomonas fluorescens
• Ragged rotting of the fin
• Starts at the edge of the fin and destroys more tissues until it reaches the fin
base
• If it reaches to fin base, fish will never be able to regenerate the lost tissue
• At this point, disease may begin to attack the fish body, called Advanced Fin
and Body Rot
 5) PSUEDOMONASIS

• Acute septicemic bacterial disease

• Also called Pseudomonas Septicemia
• Psuedomonas angulliseptica
• Pseudomonas fluorescens
• Non spore forming, gram negative, rod shaped
• Optimum temperature is 20 to 25 degree Celsius
 6) AEROMONASIS

• Also known as Motile Aeromonas Septicemia

• Aeromonas hydrophila
• Gram negative, rod shaped
• Normal inhabitant of Gastrointestinal Tract
• Opportunistic bacteria
 7) DROPSY

• Old medical term, nowadays “Edema”

• Swelling of soft tissues due to the accumulation of water or other fluids
• Aeromonas species
VIRAL DISEASES
IN
FISHES
Submitted by ,
Reg No# 2016-va-87
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS)
CAUSATIVE AGENT
• Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) is caused by the Viral
hemorrhagic septicemia virus(VHSV).
Transmission
• VHSV can be spread from fish to fish through water transfer, as well as
through contaminated eggs.
 INFECTIOUS PANCREATIC NECROSIS (IPN)

• It is caused by infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, which is a member

of the Birnaviridae family.
TRANSMISSION
• A typical transmission of the disease from parents to progeny via the
egg, and is probably one of the main factors for the geographical
spread of IPN.
• “ Egg transmission is the normal means by which the virus is passed
from one generation to another.”
 SPRING VIRAEMIA OF CARP(SVC)
Spring viraemia of carp, also known as Swim
Etiology
• Bladder Inflammation is caused by a rhabdovirus called Rhabdovirus
carpio.
• It is listed as a notifiable disease under the World Organisation for
Animal Health.
• Spring viraemia of carp virus has been shown to infect a wide variety
of fish species including silver carp, grass carp, crucian carp, and
bighead carp.
 CHANNEL CATFISH VIRUS (CCV)
• Channel Catfish virus is a member of the Alloherpesviridae
family that causes disease in catfish.
Etiology
• CCVD is caused by a herpesvirus.
• It is known to affect Blue and Channel catfish.
• The disease mainly occurs in fish that are less than one year
old (fry and fingerlings) or smaller than 15 cm in length.
Diagnosis and
Control of Metabolic
Diseases of Fishes
ARSLAN AHMED QURESHI
2016-VA-88
Fish Scurvy
 Etiology:
Deficiency of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
 In farm conditions, occurs when diet formulations are not according to species
requirement
 Sign and symptoms:
Anorexia, erosion of fins, hemorrhages, poor growth, abnormal skull, swollen
abdomen, and spinal column abnormality
 Species affected:
Cromileptes altivelis, Epinephelus tauvina, E. malabaricus
 Rx/Control:
High doses of Vitamin C
Broken back Syndrome

 Etiology:
Vitamin C deficiency
 Species affected:
Channel catfish
 Sign and symptoms:
Biochemical dysfunctions, organ
dysfunction,morphological changes, functional changes
Lipidosis

 Etiology:
Rancid fatty feeds and poorly stored trash fish
 Sign and symptoms:
Poor growth, lethargic movement, opaque eyes, abdominal
distention, pale appearance of liver
 Species affected:
Cultured grouper Epinephelus malabaricus, E. coioides and C.
altivelis
 It is one of the most common metabolic disorders
Obesity

 It is a most common health concern in both

pond and aquarium environment.
 The common goldfishes are especially prone to
obesity disease
 Obesity in fish may result in health problems
 Fatty infiltration of liver is correlated with a high-
fat diet. A fatty liver can be the direct result of a
high-fat diet or due to the deficiency of biotin or
choline in the diet
Toxicosis

 Toxins may be present in fish feeds such as

mycotoxins, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyl
residues, herbicides and other agro-industrial
chemicals .
 Molds produce Mycotoxins on plant products like oil
seed by-products and grain by-products.
 Aflatoxin in the diet can produce liver cancer in
rainbow trout.
 Toxins produced by microorganisms associated with
feed contamination can cause bacterial Toxicosis
Blindness-Melanin Syndrome
 The disease was firstly described as a “Loss of Scales
Syndrome” in indigenous fishes of the West Indies
 especially Ocyurus chrysurus and Lutjanus analis.
 Fish show a loss of appetite, melanism and an important
decrease of weight.
 Some of them can hardly catch the pellets which also
suggest blindness.
 Ulcerative skin lesion is often seen on the head, latero-dorsal
body part, and fins.
 It is also considered to be a vitamins deficiency disorder
Diagnosis of metabolic Diseases
 the clinical signs of excess nutrition or nutrient deficiency
are not specific
 infectious pathogen is another underlying cause of many
clinical signs and symptoms
 Investigation approaches to diagnose a nutritional disorder
in a fish is very different.
 A regular routine check on fish stocks is very important for
early detection of possible disease causing agent.
 Sacrifice one or two fish in order to determine an underlying
disease problem within the environment and get accurate
diagnostic test results as quickly as possible.
Diagnosis of metabolic Diseases

 Even though histologic examination cannot guarantee

successful diagnosis of a nutritional disorder, it is a very
important tool in the disease investigation
 An increase in mortality in the fish population may be
observed as the malnutrition becomes more chronic
 Starvation appears due to nutrient deprivation resulting
from inadequate intake or assimilation of feed. Typically,
starved fish appears to have a large head and slender
body and will be dark in coloration
Diagnosis of metabolic Diseases

 Lipodosis can be diagnosed through histopathology

of liver and proximate analysis of artificial feeds
 Scurvy of fish can be confirmed by the curvature of
the body with the hemorrhagic lesion at the broken
vertebral column, histopathology of gills and liver.
The feed formulation can also be examined as to
the form and level of inclusion of ascorbic acid and
further by analysis of tissue and feed samples for
ascorbic acid content
Prevention and Control

 Proper management of water quality and nutrition is the

first step in fish disease Prevention. It is impossible to
prevent diseases outbreaks without this
 Nutritional diseases are not contagious and rarely
happen but cannot be cured by medications.
 Timely observation of fish behavior and feeding helps in
primary detection of disease
 A balanced diet can provide high nutrients to recover
from deficiency diseases and high yields
 Presnted by
M Ali Hamza Sandhu
Reg# 2016-va-89
CILLIATES
1) Itch or White Spot Disease
Cause
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis external protozoan parasite either free
swimming in the water or carried in with new fish or plants cause white
spread disease in fishes.
Sign&Symptoms
1)The fish’s skin and fins are covered in tiny white spots.
2) A badly affected fish may make rapid gill movements
2)Chilodonellosis
Cause
Most Chilodonella spp. are free living, but some of them are serious pathogens of
freshwater fish.
Clinical Sign
The gills suffer
1. Hyperplasia
2. degeneration
3. Necrosis
4. respiration is drastically impaired
2)Costiasis
 Ichthyobodo spp. (also known as Costia) are the agents of this disease of the gills and
skin.
Symptoms
 Affected fish appear thin and lethargic
 grey-whitish pellicle on skin
 epidermic erosion or even haemorhages or ulcers
 gill hyperplasy and edema.
Helminthes
 Trematode
 Cestode
 Nematodes
Trematodes
 Monogenea
 Digenea
Cestodes
Caryophyllidea
 Caryophyllaeus genera is digestive track parasites
Symptoms
 abdominal swelling
 poor condition can be observed mainly in small fish.
 After necropsy, cestodes can be seen with the naked eye in the intestine.
Anchor Worm (Lernaea
Cause
 The crustacean parasite Lernaea it can grow up to 12mm.Usualy
brought in by non quarantined fish.

Symptoms
 Whitish-green threads hang out of the fish’s skin, with an inflamed
area or ulcer at the point of their attachment.
Fungal diseases of Fish
BY
Tayyab Husnain Zafar
2016-VA-90
DVM (m) 7th semester
SAPROLEGNIASIS
It is fungal disease of fishes and fish eggs caused by member of
family saprolegiaceae. Characterized by presence of cotton like,
white to gray growth on the skin, gills or eyes of fishes or in fish
eggs.

Causative agent:

Saprolegnia parasitic, Saprolegnia diclina and Achlya hoferi are

the major etiological agents of saprolegniasis.
Branchiomycosis (gillrot)
It is a fungal disease involving gill tissues, affecting the most
species of freshwater fish.

Causative agent: (Branchiomyces sanguinis) : It grows

mainly in the blood vessels of gill arches, filaments and in the
gill lamellae.

(Branchiomyces demigrans) : This fungal species is found in the

parenchymal tissues of the gills.

The fungi grow at temperature between 14 and35C.

Aspergillomycosis :
Infection caused by Aspergillus spp. has increased in therecent
years in fresh water fish.
histopathology of Aspergillus spp. Infected fishes are very few
and scattered .
Present study is an effort to find out the pathogenecity of both
the isolated species of Aspergillus on some fresh water fishes and
also to find out histological alterations in various tissues due to
infection.
fishes showing external symptoms like white fungoid patches
were collected from Bhopal .