INTENDED LEARNING

OUTCOMES/PERFORMANCE
HULL STRUCTURES
(Week 8)
 THREE TYPES OF FRAMING SYSTEM
1. Transverse Framing System
2. Longitudinal Framing System
3. Combined or Mixed Framing System
 1. LONGITUDINAL FRAME SYSTEM
This type of framing employs stiffeners that run longitudinally, that is along the length of the
ship, and is used in all sea going ships having a length more than 120 meter.
 DOUBLE BOTTOM, LONGITUDINALLY FRAMED
 The prime stiffening members are longitudinally running bulb sections or angle sections. The stiffeners
on the bottom plating are called outer bottom longitudinals, and those that stiffen the tank top
plating are called tank top longitudinals.
 The span of each longitudinal is equal to three of four frame spaces. That is, at each three or four
frame, there would be a plate floor to support the longitudinal. A bracker floor is places at almost
every frame, but it does not support the longitudinals.
 Intercostal girders are used, as usual, to reduce the span of the plate floors.
 If you notice carefully, the longitudinals run across plate floors through holes called scallops. So in a
frame, where it is required to support the span of a longitudinal using a plate floor, the longitudinal is
welded with a small plate to the plate floor, therefore rendering the scallop as a support end.
 In bracket floors, tank top and bottom shell longitudinals are supported to each other by means of
angle struts.
 In plate floors, the longitudinals of the tank top and bottom shell are supported to each other by flat
bar stiffeners, to restrict bending, torsion, and buckling.
 As usual, drain holes are used for fluid drainage and air holes are used for passage of air. Note their
positions in the images, to visualise the exact layout.
 Margin plates are used in some designs, to lead the flow of waste fluids (bilge) towards the bilge
wells on either sides of the ship.
 A continuous centre girders runs through the length of the ship, supporting the entire bottom
structure, the keel plate, and the garboard strake.
LONGITUDALLY FRAMED OIL TANKER
Double Bottom Structure and
Arrangement of Longitudinal Frames
Double Bottom Structure and Arrangement
of Longitudinal Frames
2. TRANSVERSE FRAME SYSTEM
 TRANSVERSE FRAME SYSTEM
 TYPE 1: SINGLE BOTTOM, TRANSVERSELY FRAMED
 The plate floors act as transverse stiffeners, and their spans are reduced by the use of
intercostal side girders that run longitudinally.
 Most single bottom ships are provided with bar keel that extends along the length of the ship
up to a certain waterline at the stem. The bar is slightly protruded outside the outer bottom
shell.
 The outer bottom shell plating just adjacent to the bar keel is called Garboard strake, and its
thickness is more than the thickness of the remaining bottom shell.
 All the plate floors are flanged at their tops, so as to increase their bending strength.
 Manholes are provided in the plate floors for crew access. These holes are flange too, so as
to reduce stress concentration.
TRANSVERSE FRAMED OIL TANKER
Type 1. Single Bottom Arrangement and
Structure of Transverse Frame System
 TRANSVERSE FRAME SYSTEM
 TYPE 2: DOUBLE BOTTOM, TRANSVERSELY FRAMED
 This is used in ships of length less than 120 meters.
 The bracket floors form the transverse stiffeners at every frame, and plate floors are used at every 3
to 4 frame spaces, or 1.8 meters intervals.
 Similar to the single bottom, to reduce the span of the plates, intercostal side girders of keelsons
are used that run longitudinally. An important thing to note, is that the side girders are continuous
members, that is, where there is an intersection between a plate floor and a side girder, the plate
floor is cut and welded on both the sides of the girder, and not the other way round.
 Flat plate keels are used in these structures. The keel plating thickness is a very important decision
maker in the strength of the ship. This is to be calculated from the formula dedicated to this
purpose, provided by the relevant classification society.
 Intercostal girders or side girders, and plate floors will have lightening holes at regular intervals to
reduce the structural weight, and will have manholes (flanged) to provide access.
 Drain holes will be provided in the plate floors to help drainage of liquids. Plate floors are further
stiffened by flat bar stiffeners (see image below), and bracket floors, by angle struts to prevent
warping.
Type 2. Double Bottom Arrangement and
Structure of Transverse Frame System
 3.COMBINED FRAME SYSTEM
 A combination of both transverse and longitudinal framing is adopted in the
same cross section of the ship.
 Longitudinal framing is used in the bottom and decks.
 This has the advantage of extra longitudinal strength and resistance to
compressive plate buckling.
 Transverse framing is used in the sides.
 This precludes the need for deep webs that might inhibit efficient cargo
stowage.KKKP[-;’;-=[PP[
STRUCTURE AND ARRANGEMENT OF
COMBINED FRAME SYSTEM
COMBINED FRAME OIL TANKER
HOLD DRAINAGE SYSTEM
SHEER STRAKE
STINGER PLATE
RADIUS SHEER STRAKE