Asian

Regionalism
 What are regions?

➢ (1) Regions are a group of countries located in the

same geographically specified area;
➢ (2) Regions can be a combination of two countries;
➢ (3) Regions can be a combination of more than two
countries organized to regulate and oversee flows and
policy choices.

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 What is regionalization?
➢ The process of dividing an area into smaller
segments called regions.
➢ An increase in the cross-border flow of
capital, goods, and people within a specific
geographical area.

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 What is regionalism?

➢ Regionalism is defined as a political

will to create a formal arrangement
among states on a geographically
restricted basis.

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 “
The differences
between
regionalization
and
globalization

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 Globalization Regionalization

Promotes integration Divides an area

NATURE of economies across into smaller
state borders all segments
around the world

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 Globalization Regionalization

Allows many Monopolies are more

MARKET corporations to trade likely to develop.
on international level; Monopoly means one
it allows free market producer controls
supply of a good or
service, and where
the entry of new
producers is
prevented or highly
restricted.

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 Globalization Regionalization
Acceleration to Does not support
multiculturalism multiculturalism
CULTURAL & through free and
SOCIETAL inexpensive
RELATIONS movement of people

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 Globalization Regionalization
AID Globalized A regionalized area
international does not get
communities are involved in the
more willing to aid affairs of other areas
countries stricken by
disasters

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 Globalization Regionalization
TECHNOLOGICAL Globalization has Advanced
ADVANCES
driven great technology is
advances in rarely available
technology in one country or
region.

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 Regional
integration
is the process by which two or more
nation-states agree to co-operate and
work closely together to achieve
peace, stability and wealth.

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 The entire world is moving towards integration,
it is inevitable. In Asia, the Southeast Asian countries
have already formed ASEAN (ASSOCIATION OF
SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS. This regional power
block appears to work fine, the member states fit very
well together because of the following factors:

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 Why do countries form regional associations?

Military Defense
the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was
formed to protect Europe from the threat of the
Soviet Union; and as a response, the Soviet Union
created the Warsaw Pact.

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 Why do countries form regional associations?

Economic Crisis
The ASEAN countries along with China, Japan, and
South Korea established an emergency fund that
stabilized Asian economies after the rippling effect
of the Thai economy’s collapse.

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 Why do countries form regional associations?

Resources
Countries need to pool their resources together to
make themselves more powerful. The Organization
of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) rose in
power when they took over domestic production and
controlled crude oil prices across the globe.

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 Why do countries form regional associations?

Protection of Independence
The countries under the Non-Aligned Movement
(NAM) refused to side with the capitalists (Western
Europe & North America) or the communists
(Eastern Europe).

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There are many
factors that are
leading the Asian
Region into greater
integration

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➢ 1) TRADE - The world economy is intertwined
with each other whether we like it or not. We all
want or need something from another part of the
world, including global trade facilitates. These
nations can readily supply each other’s needs.

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➢ 2) SIMILAR CULTURE - The cultures of Asia is
diverse but they do share many things. This
makes it an easier fit during times of negotiations.

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➢ 3) COMMON GOALS - The Asian region
recognizes the mutual benefit of a slow
integration, and that is to accelerate the economic
growth, social progress and cultural development
and to promote peace.

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➢ 4) SIMILAR SECURITY NEEDS - aside from small
localized rebels, this association needs only to
contend with foreign-supported terrorist groups
which are usually handled well.

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 Non-State
Regionalism

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➢ Hemispheric Social Alliance – opposes the North
American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
➢ Rainforest Foundation – protects indigenous
people and rainforests
➢ Regional Interfaith Youth Networks – young
Christians across Asia

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➢ The power of these organization depends on their
moral standing and their ability to pressure politics
into some form of social change. However, most of
them are low on the financial aspect and are therefore
limited in terms of global political impact. Another
challenge faced by these organizations is the discord
amongst themselves, such as the differences in stands
on gender and religion. Moreover, governments may
not be very welcoming of them.

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Challenges to
Regionalism
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➢ Resurgence of militant nationalism and
populism- this involves the conflict between the
NATO, the United States, and Vladimir Putin’s
Anti-NATO movement.

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➢ Continuing financial crisis. The continuing
crisis in the European Region continues to lead
the United Kingdom into exiting the European
Union.

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➢ Conflict between sovereignty and regional
stability. The Philippines had a difficulty in
letting some countries support its condemnation
of China’s occupation of the West Philippine Sea
because China had given great investments and
economic aid to these countries.

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➢ Differing visions of regionalism. Developed
countries like the US may only see regionalism as
a tool for political democratization, but
developing countries see regionalism as an
obstacle to economic globalization because
public inquiry slows down its implementations.

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 How do different
Asian states confront
the challenges of
globalization and
regionalization?
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 “
ASEAN

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➢ founded on 8 August 1967 by Indonesia,
Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and the
Philippines
➢ promoted economic growth, social
progress and cultural development in the
Southeast Asian region through
multilateral cooperation

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 “
ASEAN
Member
Countries

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 Indonesia
➢ Capital: Jakarta
➢ Population: 264 million (2017)
➢ Type of Government: Democratic Republic
➢ Government Leader: Joko Widodo (President)
➢ Currency: Rupiah (0.0037 Php)

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 Thailand
➢ Capital: Bangkok
➢ Population: 69.04 million (2017)
➢ Type of Government: Constitutional Monarchy
➢ Government Leaders: Maha Vajiralongkorn
(King); Prayut Chan-o-cha (Prime Minister);
➢ Currency: Baht (1.67 Php)

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 Malaysia
➢ Capital: Kuala Lumpur
➢ Population: 31.62 million (2017)
➢ Type of Government: Federal Constitutional
Monarchy Government Leaders: Muhammad V of
Kelantan (King); Mahathir Bin Mohamad (Prime
Minister)
➢ Currency: Ringgit (12.99 Php)

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 Singapore
➢ Capital: Pulau Ujong
➢ Population: 5.612 million (2017)
➢ Type of Government: Parliamentary
Representative Democratic Republic)
Government Leaders: Halimah Yacob
(President); Lee Hsien Loong (Prime Minister)
➢ Currency: Singapore dollar (39.12 Php)

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 Philippines
➢ Capital: Manila
➢ Population: 104.9 million (2017)
➢ Type of Government: Democratic Republic
➢ Government Leader: Rodrigo Duterte (President)
➢ Currency: Philippine Peso

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 Vietnam
➢ Capital: Hanoi
➢ Population: 95.54 million (2017)
➢ Type of Government: Communist
➢ Government Leader: Nguyen Phu Trong
(President & Head of Party); Nguyễn Xuân Phúc
(Prime Minister)
➢ Currency: Vietnamese dong (0.0023 Php)

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 Cambodia
➢ Capital: Phnom Penh
➢ Population: 16.01 million (2017)
➢ Type of Government: Constitutional Monarchy
➢ Government Leader: Hun Sen (President and
Prime Minister)
➢ Currency: Cambodian riel (0.013 Php)

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 Brunei
➢ Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan
➢ Population: 428,697 (2017)
➢ Type of Government: Absolute Monarchy
➢ Government Leader: Sultan Haji Hassanal
Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah
➢ Currency: Brunei Dollar (39.11 Php)

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 Myanmar
➢ Capital: Naypyidaw
➢ Population: 53.37 million (2017)
➢ Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic
Government Leader: Win Myint (President)
➢ Currency: Burmese kyat (0.034)

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 Laos
➢ Capital: Vientiane
➢ Population: 6.858 million (2017)
➢ Type of Government: Communist State
➢ Government Leader: Bounnhang Vorachith
➢ Currency: Lao kip (0.0062 Php)

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➢ Energy and environmental concerns- Rapid
economic growth for Asia has led to reliance on
economic imports, increasing the importance of
sea lanes and transformational routes.
➢ Asian states need to empower Science and
technology so that its citizens can eventually
discover or create sustainable energy sources.

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➢ Migration- The combination of rapidly growing
populations in much of the developing world,
increasingly porous national boarders, and
disparities in economic growth rates have sparked
a dramatic increase in international migration.
➢ Like Malaysia, other Asian countries need to
deploy troops and naval vessels to limit the
arrival of migrants.

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➢ Organized crime and threats from “non-state”
actors- Through the increasing ease of
communication and transportation flows, and
growing permeability of national borders,
organized crime networks, terrorism drugs and
weapon traffickers, and even human smugglers
face fewer constraints on their activity.
➢ Asian states must enable stricter laws on
national security.

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➢ Weakening regional institutions because of rifts between
authoritarian members of ASEAN- “Flexible engagement”
allows for countries to comment on each other’s internal
policy matters; these counties can monitor economic
indicators for signs of impending crisis.
➢ Asian countries need to preserve their sovereignty,
meaning they should not allow other states to exert
influence on their political decisions.

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➢ Shifts in balance of power- Deepening economic
integration gives rise to regional economic blocks that
competes for power and influence.
➢ Asian countries need to work together as one region
instead of competing for power, and rise against Western
economic dominance.

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➢ Expanding Roles of the Military- With lingering traditional
threats, the prospect of increased internal tensions in Asian
countries, and the emergence of new security challenges
will place high demand on regional militaries. Increasing
demand for military will likely coincide with a perio of
declining resources.
➢ So as to avoid the declining of resources, countries can
adopt conscription methods similar to that of South
Korea wherein men are required to do compulsory
military conscription for a few years and go back to their
lives eventually. 49
➢ Globalization and Democracy- Authoritarian regimes
suffer more from the effect of globalization than states that
embrace transparency, accountability and the rule of law
because these are norms that are the backbone of
democratic and free-market societies.

➢ Asian countries may have to adopt democracy in order to

have an efficient economic system that is well-criticized
and is therefore well-reviewed by the mass. This way, the
processes become more efficient.
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