Medical Imaging Signals and Systems

Discussion 3

September 24/25, 2019

BioE C165/EE C145B/BioE/EE C261

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 Outline
• HW 2 Feedback
• Review and Worked Problems:
– Fourier Transforms
– Sampling Review
– Deconvolution Demo

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 HW 2 Feedback
• Mean of ~55/70, std ~ 17
• Common Mistakes:
– Not handing in homework/attempting problems
– Properties of Deltas (there are two!)
– Impulse object size (FWHM/10) vs resolution (FWHM)
– Point Spread Function/Impulse Response (h(x)) versus Transfer Function
(H(k))
– Resolution versus detection
• Read over solutions, come to office hours/Discussion otherwise

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Fourier Transforms and how we calculate them
• Fourier Transforms:
∞
–𝐹 𝑘 = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑖 2𝜋𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥
• 99% of the time we don’t compute this integral!
– Instead, we use known Fourier pairs and properties.
• Today:
– Go through one GSI-led example and two student examples

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 Fourier Transforms
𝑥−𝑥0
• Ex: Compute the Fourier transform of 𝑓 𝑥 = ⊓
𝑎
• Solution: Use the Shifting and Scaling properties:
– Given ℱ{𝑓(𝑥)} = 𝐹(𝑘)
• ℱ{𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )} = 𝐹(𝑘) 𝑒 −𝑖2𝜋𝑘𝑥0
𝑥
• ℱ{𝑓 } = 𝑎 𝐹(𝑎𝑘)
𝑎
– So we combine these together, knowing ℱ{⊓ (𝑥)} = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(𝑘)
– Your final answer should be 𝐹 𝑘 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(𝑎𝑘) 𝑒 −𝑖2𝜋𝑘𝑥0

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 Fourier Transform Practice
• Compute the Fourier Transform of these problems:
– 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠 𝑥 ∗⊓ (𝑥)
• Hint: What is the Fourier transform of convolutions?
– 𝑓 𝑥 = cos(2𝜋𝑥) + sin 2𝜋 𝑥

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 Solutions
• ℱ 𝑓 𝑥 = ℱ 𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠 𝑥 ∗⊓ 𝑥 = ℱ 𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠 𝑥 ℱ ⊓ 𝑥
= 𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠 𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑘
– Key property – Fourier transform of convolutions is the multiplication
between the two
• ℱ 𝑓 𝑥 = ℱ cos 2𝜋𝑥 + sin 2𝜋 𝑥
= ℱ cos 2𝜋𝑥 + ℱ sin 2𝜋 𝑥
= 0.5 𝛿 𝑘 − 1 + 𝛿 𝑘 + 1 − 0.50𝑖 𝛿 𝑘 − 1 − 𝛿 𝑘 + 1
1−𝑖 1+𝑖
= 𝛿 𝑘−1 + 𝛿(𝑘 + 1)
2 2
• Key property: Fourier Transforms are linear!

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 Sampling – How do we model it?
• Sampling is the process of taking points from a continuous function,
typically equally spaced, as a discrete representation of the original
function.
– What is the Nyquist limit and why do we need to calculate and obey it?
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• Δ𝑥 ≤ – this prevents aliasing
2𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑥

– How is the limit determined mathematically?

• Calculate the minimum Δ𝑥 = 1/𝑘𝑠 such that the replicates in k-space don’t
alias. See the next page for visualization.

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 F(k) FS (𝑘)
𝑘𝑠

−𝑘𝑚 𝑘𝑚 k
𝑘 −2𝑘𝑠 −𝑘𝑠 𝑘𝑠 2𝑘𝑠 3𝑘𝑠 𝑘
(𝑘𝑠 − 𝑘𝑚 )
S(𝑘)
FS (𝑘)
𝑘𝑠 𝑘𝑠

−2𝑘𝑠 −𝑘𝑠 𝑘𝑠 2𝑘𝑠 3𝑘𝑠 𝑘 (𝑘𝑠 − 𝑘𝑚 ) 𝑘𝑠 2𝑘𝑠 𝑘

Oppenheim and Schafer: Discrete-Time

Signal Processing (2010)

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Examples of Aliasing

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 Deconvolution
• Deconvolution is the reversal of the convolution performed by a given
(imaging system), typically with some sort of high pass/boost filter
– What is the goal of deconvolution?
• To amplify attenuated high frequency information for better/ideal resolution
– What trade-offs are there?
• Typically you amplify noise i.e. SNR loss for higher resolution

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Swap to Matlab Here

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