The Conceptual/Theoretical

Framework
What is a Framework?

- similar to skeleton

- Basic structure or frame of reference designed to

support or enclose something (Merriam-Webster,n.d.)

- In research, concepts and theories serve as the building

blocks (or the skeleton) for the foundation and basis
and bases of the study.
Theoretical Framework

- May be formulated from an existing theory/ies serves as

the foundation of the study

- In such case, the paradigm that is originally used by the

theorist can be fully adapted in the present study

- It can also be adapted since the researcher can add or

subtract variables from the original framework, provided
that the whole theory is utilized.
What is Theory?

-“Theory” is derived from the Greek word, theoria which

means “Vision”

-Theory is a conceptual idea that is used to describe, explain,

predict or understand a certain phenomenon

- Defines non-observable constructs that are inferred from

observable facts and events that are thought to have an
effect on the phenomenon under study
What is Theory?
- Describes the relationship/s among the variables for
purposes of explaining a current state or predicting
future events

- Primarily concerned with determining cause-effect

relationships. Thus, a good theory expands vision
and guides thinking, professional practice and
research.
 To formulate a theoretical framework, relevant theories
must be provided, the researcher cites and discusses related
theories that serve as the foundation of the variables and
their relationships to make the study more scientific and
understandable to the readers.

The researcher mentions:

the theories,
the name of the authors,
titles of their(author’s) theories,
theoretical principles and their explanations.
Theory title:__________________________________________________________________

Theorist:____________________________________________________________________

Theory statement:____________________________________________________________

Theory explanation:__________________________________________________________

Theory’s relationship to the present

study:_______________________________________________________________________

Translated into a coherently written paragraph,Voila! you have a good

theoretical framework..Basic, Right? No it’s not you need to read!!!
 Paradigm of the Study

The result of a clear understanding of the conceptual and

theoretical framework is a diagrammatic presentation of
the study….Thus, the “PARADIGM”

Merriam-Webster (2006) defines paradigm as a pattern,

model or set of forms which contains particular elements
Basically, Paradigm is a visual representation of the
entire thesis, the heart of the research paper and it
encapsulates the whole title.

Note:
Regular shapes are used as the usual figures(rectangle,
circles, and squares) lines and arrows. Irregular shapes
are sometimes utilized and there must be rationale for
them.
 Common paradigms and models of the study used are as
follows:

IPO model (input- process- output). This model is

largely used when the research attempts to isolate a
factor or major variable that causes the problem,
subject or phenomenon under investigation .
Also, used when the statements of the problem are
all factor-isolating questions.
 Entrepreneurs’ Roles of Toward Improved Work Performance
• Input Process Output

• Profile of the
Entrepreneurs
a. Age
b. Sex Analysis of data through
Profile and roles of
c. GPA the questionnaire,
entrepreneurs are
• Roles of Entrepreneurs informal interviews and
determined
a. Assessment statistical treatment.
b. Planning
c. Implementation
d. Evaluation
IV-DV model ( Independent Variable –dependent variable method).
This model is used in experiment-based studies. The questions raised are
higher order and classified as situation relating.(what will happen if?)

Effects of Computer assisted Instructions and Demo. Method on the

Level of Performance of Grade 12 Students.

Teaching methodology
Level of Performance
used by instructors
of Grade 12 students
• Computer-assisted
• Academic Grades
instruction
• Practicum Grades
• Parent’s satisfaction
• Demonstration
method
PC model (Predictor-criterion model). This model is used when relating and
assessing the influence between two or more variables. Studies that focus
relationships, associations, differences and impacts will benefit from this model.

Relationship of the Teaching Competence of Senior High School Teachers to the Level of
Performance of ABM students

Teaching Competence of Level of performance of

senior high school teachers ABM students

• Knowledge level • Academic grades

• Pedagogical skills • Behavioral attributes
• Classroom management • Peer evaluation
 -P model. This model is used in research studies that propose a program or any
intervention measure. It fits the situation producing level questioning.( How
can I make it happen)

Proposed Program for Improved Quality Service of Entrepreneurs

• Profile of the
Entrepreneurs Analysis of data Profile and roles of
a. Age through entrepreneurs,
b. Sex questionnaire, specimen collection
c. GPA informal interviews and performance are
and statistical assessed
• Roles of Entrepreneurs treatment
a. Assessment
b. Planning
c. Implementation
d. Evaluation

• Specimen Collection
Proposed Intervention Program
• Performance
 Teaching Competence of Instructors and the Level of Performance of
Students Towards the Formulation of the Faculty Development
Program

Teaching competence of Level of performance of

instructors ABM students Faculty
• Knowledge level Development
• Pedagogical skills • Academic grades Program
• Classroom management • Behavioral attributes
• Peer evaluation
The following may be the possible limitations that may arise from the
research design and methodology:

1. Sample size. it will determine the quality of data and the

relationship that will be identified among the variables

2. Lack of available and/or reliable data. Missing data will limit the
scope of analysis and the ability of the researcher to determine
meaningful trends and relationships that will be identified among the
variables.

3. Lack of prior studies. This will limit the effectiveness of literature

review and may limit the initial understanding of the research problem
. This, however, can be a basis for identifying avenues for further
research.
4. Chosen data collection method-
-Limitations in the data collection instrument may affect the quality
of data collected

-Unclear and vague questions in a questionnaire will result to unclear

and erroneous answers from the respondents.

- May affect the quality of data

5. Nature of the information collected.

-Relying on pre- existing data may impose limits on the researcher as

he or she can no longer clarify certain data. Self- reported data have
the risk of being false and cannot easily be verified.
Access- The amount and quality of data will depend on the ability of the researcher
to access people, organizations, libraries, and documents that can provide him or
her the best available data.

Time Period-
The length of time devoted to the study will affect almost all aspects of research. It
is advisable to select a research problem and design that gives way to a more
manageable time period.

Bias- refers to a way of viewing a certain thing, issue, or idea and may be influenced
May affect the how the researcher states and defines the research problem , the
selection of research design and methodology, the variables chosen, data collection
methods and interpretation of data

Language- may have effects on data collection, especially if the researcher involved
with respondents that speak variety of languages. This is especially a challenge in
studies that involve documents that are written in different languages..