MT 0112: DEDUCTIVE AND

INDUCTIVE REASONING IN
MATHEMATICS
Instructor: Mr. Mayengo, M.M
Assistant Lecturer
Office No. B5
Assisted by:
E-mail: maranya.mayengo@udom.ac.tz
 ELECTRICAL NETWORK
Switching Network
 The theory of compound statement has many

Mayengo, M. M
applications. As an example we shall develop
a theory of electrical network based on
switching network
 A switching network is an arrangement of
wires and switches which connect together
two terminals 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 , each switch can be
either “open” or “closed”
 An open switch prevents the flow of current,
while a closed switch permits flow.
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 ELECTRICAL NETWORK
Switching Network

Mayengo, M. M
𝑝1 𝑝2
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇1 𝑇2

Fig. 1 Open Switch Fig. 2 Closed switch

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 ELECTRICAL NETWORK
Switching Network
 The position of a switch can control a device
such as a lamp

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 Two basic ways to put switches together are
series and parallel connections
 Figure 3 shows the simplest kind of a
network in which the terminals are connected
by a single wire containing a switch 𝑝 if 𝑝 is
closed then the current will flow between the
terminals otherwise it does not.
𝑝
𝑇1 𝑇2

Fig. 3 Simple switch

 ELECTRICAL NETWORK
Switching Network
 The network in figure 4 has two switches

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𝑝 and 𝑞 in series, here the current flows
only if both 𝑝 and 𝑞 are closed.
𝑝 𝑞 𝑇2
𝑇1

Fig. 4 Series connection

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 ELECTRICAL NETWORK
Switching Network
 Logical analysis can be used to solve the

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problem stated above, let us associate a
statement with each switch.
 Let 𝑝 be the statement “switch 𝑝 is closed”
and let 𝑞 be the statement “switch 𝑞 is
closed”
 Then in figure 3 the current will flow if and
only if p is true.
 Similarly, in figure 4 the current will flow if
and only if both 𝑝 and 𝑞 are true, that is, if
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and only if 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 is true
 ELECTRICAL NETWORK
Switching Network
 In figure 5 is shown a network with

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switches p and q in parallel. In this case
the current flows if either of the switches
is closed, so the current is represented by
the statement 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞
𝑝

T1 𝑞 T2

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Fig. 5 Parallel Connections
 ELECTRICAL NETWORK
Switching Network
 Thus, the series connection corresponds to

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𝑝 and 𝑞 which we write in logic notation
as 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞.
 Similarly, the current flows in a parallel
connection if either 𝑝 or 𝑞 is closed.
 Hence, this corresponds to 𝑝 or 𝑞, which
we write as 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞.
 Thus, two basic logical operations are
mirrored in the behavior of electrical
network that carry current. 8
 ELECTRICAL NETWORK
Switching Network
 We will write ~𝑝 for the negation of 𝑝

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 In multiple appearances, all 𝑝’s will be
either closed or open and if you have ~𝑝
and 𝑝 is closed, then ~𝑝 will be open.
 If 𝑝 is open then ~𝑝 will be closed

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 ELECTRICAL NETWORK
Switching Network
 Examples:

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Fig. 6. 𝑝 ∧∼ 𝑝 ≡ 𝐹

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Fig. 7 𝑝 ∨∼ 𝑝 ≡ 𝑇
 ELECTRICAL NETWORK
Switching Network
 Each of these circuits (Fig. 6 and Fig. 7) has 𝑝 and ~𝑝
 In the series connection, this means that one switch is

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always open and so the value of the whole circuit is
the same as a simple open circuit.
 On the other hand in the parallel connection of 𝑝 with
~𝑝 either one line will transmit or the other line will
transmit.
 So the circuit as a whole behaves like a single switch
that is closed
 Thus, we see that the series connection corresponds to
the identity 𝑝 ∧∼ 𝑝 ≡ 𝐹
 While the parallel connection corresponds to identity
𝑝 ∨∼ 𝑝 ≡ 𝑇
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 ELECTRICAL NETWORK
Switching Network
 Example 2. The network in Fig. 8 combines the

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series and parallel types of connections.
 The upper branch of the network is represented
by the statement 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 and the lower by 𝑟 ∧ 𝑠;
hence the entire circuit is represented by 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 ∨
(𝑟 ∧ 𝑠)
𝑝 𝑞

T1 T2

𝑟 𝑠
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Figure 8
 ELECTRICAL NETWORK
Switching Network
 Example 2. The network in Fig. 8 combines the

Mayengo, M. M
series and parallel types of connections.
 The upper branch of the network is represented
by the statement 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 and the lower by 𝑟 ∧ 𝑠;
hence the entire circuit is represented by 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 ∨
(𝑟 ∧ 𝑠)
𝑝 𝑞

T1 T2

𝑟 𝑠
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Figure 8
 ELECTRICAL NETWORK
Switching Network
Switches need not always to act independently of

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each other
It is possible to couple two or more switches
together so that they open and close
simultaneously, and we shall indicate this in
diagrams by giving all such switches the same
letter

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 ELECTRICAL NETWORK
Switching Network
 It is also possible to couple two switches together

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so that if one is closed the other is open.
 We shall indicate this by giving the first switch
the letter 𝑝 and the second switch the letter ~𝑝
 Then the statement “𝑝 is closed” is true if and
only if the statement “~𝑝 is closed is false”
 Therefore if 𝑝 is the statement “𝑝 is closed” then
~𝑝 is equivalent to the statement “~𝑝 is closed”.
Such a circuit is illustrated in Figure 9
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 ELECTRICAL NETWORK
Switching Network

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𝑝

T1 ~𝑝 ~𝑞 T2

𝑝 𝑞

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Figure 9
 ELECTRICAL NETWORK
Switching Network
 The associated compound statement is ൫𝑝 ∨

Mayengo, M. M
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ELECTRICAL NETWORK

Mayengo, M. M
The End!

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