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A

Presentation on

Unified Power Flow Controller


Submitted by: Submitted to:
Ashwini Kumar Dr. K. R. Niazi
2015uee1271 Professor
2/10/2020
2 CONTENTS

 FACTS Devices
 Benefits of FACTS Devices
 Types of FACTS Devices
 Introduction to UPFC
 Circuit Description
 Control Schemes
 Conclusion
 Future Perspectives
 References

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3 FACTS
Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) is a new integrated
concept based on power electronic switching converters and
dynamic controllers to enhance the system utilization and power
transfer capacity as well as the stability, security, reliability and
power quality of AC system interconnections

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4 BENEFITS OF FACTS

 Regulation of power flows in prescribed transmission routes


 Reduces the need for construction of new transmission lines, capacitors and reactors
 Provides greater ability to transfer power between controlled areas
 These devices help to damp the power that could damage the equipment
 Improves the transient stability of the system
 Controls real and reactive power flow in the line independently
 Damping of oscillations which can threaten security or limit the usable line capacity.

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5 FACTS DEVICES
Name Type Main function Controller Name

SVC Shunt Voltage control Thyristor

TCSC Series Power flow control Thyristor

TCPAR Series & Shunt Power flow control Thyristor

STATCOM Shunt Voltage control GTO

SSSC Series Power flow control GTO

UPFC Shunt & Series Voltage and power GTO


control 2/10/2020
6 INTRODUCTION TO UPFC
 The UPFC is a device which can control simultaneously all three parameters of line
power flow
 Such "new" FACTS device combines together the features of two "old" FACTS devices:
1. STATCOM
2. SSSC
 These two devices are two Voltage Source Inverters (VSI’s)connected respectively in
shunt with the transmission line through a shunt transformer and in series with the
transmission line through a series transformer, connected to each other by a common
dc link including a storage capacitor
 The shunt inverter is used for voltage regulation at the point of connection injecting an
opportune reactive power flow into the line and to balance the real power flow
exchanged between the series inverter and the transmission line
 The series inverter can be used to control the real and reactive line power flow inserting
an opportune voltage with controllable magnitude and phase in series with the
transmission line. 2/10/2020
7 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
 The basic configuration of a UPFC, which is installed between the sending-end VS and
the receiving-end VR. The UPFC consists of a combination of a series device and a shunt
device, the dc terminals of which are connected to a common dc link capacitor

Fig1: Basic configuration of UPFC


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Fig2: UPFC 2/10/2020


9 FUNCTIONAL CONTROL OF SHUNT INVERTER
 The shunt inverter is operating in such a way to inject a controllable current Ic into the
transmission line
 This current consist of two components with respect to the line voltage:
1. the real or direct component id
2. reactive or quadrature component iq
 The direct component is automatically determined by the requirement to balance the
real power of the series inverter
 The quadrature component, instead, can be independently set to any desired
reference level (inductive or capacitive) within the capability of the inverter, to absorb
or generate respectively reactive power from the line
 So, two control modes are possible:
VAR control mode : the reference input is an inductive or capacitive var request
Automatic Voltage Control mode: the goal is to maintain the transmission line voltage
at the connection point to a reference value
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10 FUNCTIONAL CONTROL OF SERIES INVERTER

 series inverter injects a voltage, Vse which is controllable in amplitude and phase angle
in series with the transmission line
 This series voltage can be determined in different ways:
Direct Voltage Injection Mode: The reference inputs are directly the magnitude and
phase angle of the series voltage
Phase Angle Shifter Emulation Mode: The reference input is phase displacement
between the sending end voltage and the receiving end voltage
Line Impedance Emulation Mode: The reference input is an impedance value to insert in
series with the line impedance
Automatic Power flow Control Mode: The reference inputs are values of P and Q to
maintain on the transmission line despite system changes

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11 OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF UPFC
Vc
I Vm

Vs Vr

Fig3: Single phase equivalent circuit

Vs  Vr  Vc


I 
j 0 L
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Vc

(a) Active power control (b) Reactive power control

Fig 4: Phasor diagrams in case of active and reactive power

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13 Control Schemes

PHASE-ANGLE CONTROL
 Adjusting the amplitude of the 90" leading or lagging output voltage makes it possible to
control active power
 The d-q frame coordinates based on space vectors, the d-axis current id corresponds to
active power, and so it can be controlled by the q-axis voltage Vcq. Therefore, the
reference voltage vector for the series device is given by

vCd   0 0 id  id 


 v    K 0 i  i 
 Cq   p   q q

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14 Control Schemes

CROSS-COUPLING CONTROL
 The "cross-coupling control" has not only an active power feedback loop but also a
reactive power feedback loop
 This control scheme is characterized by controlling both the magnitude and the phase
angle

vCd   0  K q  id  id 


 v   K 0  i  i 
 Cq   p   q q

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15 Control Schemes

GENERALIZED CONTROL SCHEME


 This "generalized control scheme." The reference voltage vector for the series device, vC 
is generalized, as follows

vCd   K r  K q  id  id 


 v   K   
 Cq   p K r  iq  iq 
 A voltage vector produced by the two terms is in phase with the current error vector i*-i.
This means that the UPFC acts as a damping resistor against power swings.

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Limitations with existing transmission
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network

• Network Congestion: Meshed structure, multiple paths for


power flow exist between sending and receiving ends. Due to lack
of control, some lines are overloaded and some are under loaded.

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• Loop Flow: Power flows
through unintended paths.
This further stress the
transmission network and
limit the penetration of
renewable energy sources.

• High cost to acquire right-of-way for constructing new lines.

•With ever-increasing penetration of RES, and increasing retirement


of coal-based power plants, generous stability margins are difficult to
be maintained.
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Limitations with distribution network

Present distribution network is not designed to accommodate high


levels of distribution generation (DG) penetration. This means
incorporation of numerous micro-grids to the traditional grid making
the network more resilient.

Also, voltage fluctuations are required to be kept minimum.

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19 FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
 Transformer-Less Unified Power Flow Controller :

 At present, the back-to-back MMC configuration is the preferred technology for


achieving independent power flow control in a synchronous grid

 Uses two fully-rated power converters leading to increased size, cost and power loss of
the system

 UPFC technology can achieve independent power flow control with fractionally rated
back-to-back converters

 The quest to achieve fractionally rated power flow controllers has recently led to new
inventions in this area
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21 CONCLUSION
 Conventional power feedback control schemes make the UPFC induce power
fluctuations in transient states
 The time constant of damping is independent of the active and reactive power
feedback gains Kp and Kq
 The feedback gain Kr with a physical meaning of resistor is effective in damping of
power swings
 The proposed control scheme achieves quick response of active and reactive power
without causing power swings and producing steady state errors

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22 REFERENCES
[1] Y. N. Yu, Electric Power System Dynamics. Academic Press, 1983.
[2] P. W. Sauer and M. A. Pai, Power System Dynamics and Stability. Prentice Hall, 1998.
[3] J. R. Smith, G. Andersson, and C. W. Taylor, “Annotated Bibliography on Power System
Stability Controls: 1986- 1994”, IEEE Trans. on PWRS, 11(2)(1996), pp. 794–800.
[4] N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS: Concepts and Technology of
Flexible AC Transmission Systems. New York: IEEE Press, 2000.
[5] N. G. Hingorani, “FACTS-Flexible AC Transmission System”, Proceedings of 5th
International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission-IEE Conference
Publication 345, 1991, pp. 1–7.
Sources:
Google, Wikipedia, IEEE & YouTube

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