Ch. 7 DNA Profiling Notes PP GC

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved
1 Chapter 7 Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nPVkooi8m9I
11 m a
Chapter 7 Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016
Chapter 7 DNA Profiling
By the end of this chapter you will be able to:
7.1 Explain how DNA can be important to

criminal investigations.
7.2 Explain how crime-scene evidence is
collected for DNA analysis.
7.3 Describe how crime-scene evidence is
processed to obtain DNA.
7.4 Explain what a short tandem repeat (STR)
is, and explain its importance to DNA profiling.

Chapter 7 DNA Profiling
By the end of this chapter you will be able to:
7.5 Explain how law-enforcement agencies

compare new DNA evidence to existing DNA
evidence.
7.6 Describe the use of DNA profiling using
mtDNA and Y STRs to help identify a person
using the DNA of family members.
7.7 Compare and contrast a gene and a
chromosome, and an intron and an exon.

Chapter 7
Vocabulary
o allele o karyotype
o chromosome o polymerase chain
o Combined DNA Index reaction (PCR)
System (CODIS) o polymorphism
o DNA fingerprint (profile) o primer
o electrophoresis o restriction enzyme
o exon o restriction fragment
o gene o short tandem repeats
o genome (STR)
o intron
Introduction
o Mid-1980s
• DNA fingerprinting dramatically changed forensic
science and the ability of law enforcement to link
perpetrators with crime scenes.
o This Was the Birth of DNA Profiling (3 m a)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fz6p8EgJZ3w

Introduction
o Early 1990s
• The US military began collecting and storing
blood samples of soldiers
• Not just military…
o DNA-California (7 m, 3:40 m ab)
• https://www.cbsnews.com/news/california-biobank-dna-
babies-who-has-access/
o 1994
• DNA Identification act
o https://oig.justice.gov/reports/FBI/a0632/laws.htm
Introduction (continued)
o 1998
• National DNA Index System (NDIS)
o https://www.fbi.gov/audio-repository/ftw-podcast-ndis-
060719.mp3/view
o CODIS (The Combined DNA Index System)

• Collects, analyzes, and communicates criminal DNA
information
o By 2014, CODIS had:
• 11.1 million offenders its DNA profiles
• 1.9 million arrestee DNA profiles
o More than 257,000 hits assisting in more than 246,000 investigations

Introduction (continued)
o Tedx Forensic DNA: Change is Constant, Science is
Truth (14 m a )
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpGhk0-vZrM

What is DNA?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIzNlISbCxI
o Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells (5 m a)

• .youtube.com/watch?v=Pxujitlv8wc&feature=emb_logohttp
s://www
o Prokaryotic Cells (5 m b)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DyxHF0qUnjs&feature
=emb_logo
o Difference Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
DNA replication (6:50 m b)(s t)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RLhwrFEtDEs&feature
=emb_logo

What is DNA?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIzNlISbCxI
o DNA deoxyribonucleic
acid
• The genetic material of all
living things
• With the exception of red
blood cells, all human cells
contain DNA. (1 m b)
o https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articl
es/questions/why-dont-red-blood-cells-
have-dna
o All the DNA found in

human cells makes up the
human genome. (2 m a)
• https://www.youtube.com/w
11 Chapter atch?v=3fr4jBFs25s
7 Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016
o Nucleic Acid (11 m
skip through)
• https://www.youtub
e.com/watch?v=0l
ZRAShqft0

o DNA the Nucleic
Acid (6 m c, f 4 m b)
• https://www.khana
cademy.org/scienc
e/high-school-
biology/hs-biology-
foundations/hs-
biological-
macromolecules/v/
introduction-to-
nucleic-acids-and-
nucleotides
o Nucleotide Structure
(6 m b)
• https://www.youtub
e.com/watch?v=5w
p8gBflWtA

DNA- Structure and function of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) (9 m b)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RA9n0Enu5Gw&feature=emb_logo

Chromosomes
o The 46 chromosomes found in human body

cells are composed of tightly coiled DNA.
o Most males have one X and one Y sex
chromosomes (XY).
o Most females have two X chromosomes
(XX).
o Chromosomes and Karyotypes (7 m a)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBq1ULWJp_
M&feature=emb_logo
Chromosomes
o Half of your DNA is inherited from your

mother and the other half is inherited from
your father.
• Mitosis vs. Meiosis (5 m a)
o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pQoUdH9LVs&feature=emb_logo

Genes
• DNA, Chromosomes, Genes, and Traits: An

Intro to Heredity (8 m a) (sk around)
o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8m6hHRlKwxY&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk
1FVxYPO_bVbk8oOD5EZ2o5W&index=2
o A gene is a segment of DNA in a

chromosome that serves in the
production or regulation of proteins.
• Genes and Alleles (8 m a)
o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pv3Kj0UjiLE

o Genes average about 3000 base pairs,
but they can be composed of many
thousands of base pairs.

o Slight differences here are what make us all
VERY different?
o How VERY DIFFERENT if they are slight?

o Bases in specific orders make specific
proteins.

o Since there are thousands of bases…

o There are
many ways
they can be
ordered…

o Making different proteins…

o So… everyone has…
o But only YOU have…

Genes
• DNA, Chromosomes, and Genes (4:30 m bc)

o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-i1_JagCL1U

Genes
o Human Genome (6 m ab):

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lltW_13Nvps&feat
ure=emb_logo
o Human Genome Project (1:30 m a)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=97q6KdHmfcQ&fe
ature=emb_logo
o Race for the Human Genome Project (5 m ab):
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AhsIF-
cmoQQ&feature=emb_logo
o What is DNA used for?
o How, then, can it be used? It must be
copied!
o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQByjprj_mA&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1FVxYPO_bVbk8oOD5EZ2o
5W&index=3
o (6:30 m ab)
o \

Why is DNA copied?

o Is every single gene coded for???
o Does every code create a protein?
o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_asGjfCTLNE
o 6:30 m ab

The Cell
o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJyU
tbn0O5Y

Collection and Preservation
of DNA Evidence
o Using polymerase chain reactions (PCR),

trace samples of DNA evidence can be
amplified so that adequate amounts of DNA
evidence are available for testing.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r9dU5OJlYlc&
feature=emb_logo
o 5mb
• PCA Animation (5 m ab)
o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClhUe53W7xw&feat
ure=emb_logo
of DNA Evidence
o Avoiding contamination when collecting,

preserving, and identifying DNA evidence is
critical.
o DNA evidence should be kept dry and cool
during transportation and storage.
• DNA Contamination (1 m ab)
o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-
0Y2EAhu94&feature=emb_logo

of DNA Evidence
o Minimizing DNA Contamination (2 m ab)

o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLp4pZsJzXM&feat
ure=emb_logo
o Contaminated Evidence (2 m ab)
o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asgDpW8mkQ0&fea
ture=emb_logo
o DNA Contamination Prevention Tool (1:30 m
ab)
o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Ui8rH1yzFs&featur
e=emb_logo
Forensic DNA and Personal
Identification
o DNA profiling is the most useful tool for law

enforcement since the development of
fingerprinting.
• DNA | Forensic DNA Investigation || Radcliffe
Institute (44 m b)
o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJQdZ7bW76QCODIS

Identification
o Scientists use polymorphisms to distinguish

one person from another.
• SNP (1:30 m ab)
o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4m1_P5Ljf8&featur
e=emb_logo
o SNP Genotyping Technologies (6:40 m bc sk through)
o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=plWYBLy9OaM&feat
ure=emb_logo

Identification
o Because 99% of all human DNA is the same,

scientists only need to examine the1% region
of variability.

Early DNA Fingerprinting
Using Gel Electrophoresis
o In DNA fingerprinting, DNA is isolated and

cut using restriction enzymes, creating
fragments of DNA called restriction
fragments.
• DNA Fingerprinting, Gel Electrophoresis,
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) (10 m ab)
o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KeKNrzmS8gw&feat
ure=emb_logo
• Gel Electrophosphorus (8 m a)
o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDZUAleWX78
o Gel Electrophoresis Process (1 m a)

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vtxb6Tr8Y3s&
feature=emb_logo
o Carrying out Gel Electrophosphorus Lab
using PCR (7:30 m bc nahh)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kjJ56z1HeAc

o Each person's length and number of DNA

restriction fragments differs.
o Gel electrophoresis has been replaced by
the use of STR analysis, which analyzes
shorter pieces of DNA.

Short Tandem Repeats (STRs)
o The repeating bases in STRs are shorter

than the repeating bases used in DNA
fingerprinting.
• Short Tandem Repeat (1:30 m a)
o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bEAJYnVVBA&
feature=emb_logo
o STRs can be more easily recovered from
the often degraded and limited quantities
of DNA typically found in evidence.

Short Tandem Repeats (STRs)
o The FBI uses 13 core STRs for

identification of Americans.

Inheritance of STRs
o A child inherits one allele from each parent

for each STR locus.
o A homozygous genotype occurs when one
individual has two alleles that are the same
for a specific STR.
o A heterozygous genotype occurs when a
person has two different alleles for a
particular STR.

DNA STR Profiles
o An individual's DNA STR profile is unique.

o DNA STR analysis is performed using
automated machines and computers.
o Adding fluorescent dyes to the PCR reaction
makes it possible to identify different STR
markers.

STR Allele Frequencies

Y STR and mtDNA Analyses
o Y STRs
• Trace ancestry through the male line
o mtDNA
• Only mothers pass on mitochondrial DNA
o mtDNA and Y STRs
• Can only yield class evidence
o Fourth amendment rights may become a
concern as DNA technology advances.
Now and the Future
o Rapid DNA revolutionizes modern crime

fighting (3 cs 2 ms e ab)
• https://kutv.com/news/local/rapid-dna-
revolutionizes-modern-crime-fighting-in-the-
beehive-state
o FBI plans for ‘Rapid DNA’
• https://www.washingtonpost.com/crime-
law/2018/12/13/fbi-plans-rapid-dna-network-
quick-database-checks-arrestees/

Summary
o DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic

information necessary for a cell to replicate and
make proteins. The code of DNA is found within the
sequence of nitrogenous bases.
o DNA sequences are unique to each individual
(except an identical twin). The variations within
noncoding parts of the DNA molecule are the basis
for forensic identification.
o DNA analysis can help solve crimes and exonerate
the falsely accused.

Summary (continued)
o Using PCR amplification, minute amounts of DNA

evidence can be used to solve crimes.
o DNA contains within its noncoding regions many
repeated sequences, including STRs, which vary in
number among individuals; these differences are
used to produce a DNA profile of a person.
o DNA profiling has dramatically improved over the
past 25 years due to improvements in biotechnology,
computers, and automated processing of DNA. STR
analysis has replaced gel electrophoresis in
forensics work.
Summary (continued)
o DNA profiling enables us to determine whether DNA

samples came from the same person or different
persons, or to establish kinship.
o Analyses of hypervariable base sequences of
mtDNA in noncoding regions can help identify
people through their maternal relatives.
o CODIS and the NDIS have helped to prevent and
solve crimes by improving communication among
law enforcement agencies at the local, state, and
national levels.


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Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

1 Chapter 7 Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016

7.1 Explain how DNA can be important to

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

7.5 Explain how law-enforcement agencies

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

o CODIS (The Combined DNA Index System)

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

o Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells (5 m a)

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

o All the DNA found in

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

o The 46 chromosomes found in human body

o Half of your DNA is inherited from your

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

• DNA, Chromosomes, Genes, and Traits: An

o A gene is a segment of DNA in a

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

• DNA, Chromosomes, and Genes (4:30 m bc)

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

o Human Genome (6 m ab):

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

o Using polymerase chain reactions (PCR),

o Avoiding contamination when collecting,

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

o Minimizing DNA Contamination (2 m ab)

o DNA profiling is the most useful tool for law

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

o Scientists use polymorphisms to distinguish

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

o Because 99% of all human DNA is the same,

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

o In DNA fingerprinting, DNA is isolated and

o Gel Electrophoresis Process (1 m a)

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

o Each person's length and number of DNA

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

o The repeating bases in STRs are shorter

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

o The FBI uses 13 core STRs for

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

o A child inherits one allele from each parent

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

o An individual's DNA STR profile is unique.

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

o Rapid DNA revolutionizes modern crime

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e All rights Reserved

o DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic