History

Etymology

It is from the Greek

word ”istoria” which
means “ knowing by
inquiry”
Definition

1. It is the systematic
inquiry of man’s
recorded past, validating
historical facts and
reconstruction of past
events
Definition

2. It is the study of past

events

3. It is the story of
mankind’s past.
Definition
4. It records and
explains what people
have thought, said and
done.
5. It is concerned with
political, economic and
social matters.
Branches of History

1. Political History
 deals with the narrative
and analysis of political
events, ideas,
movements, organs of
government, voters,
parties and leaders.
Branches of History
1. Economic History
 analyzes economies or
economic phenomena of
methods and the
application of economic
theory to historical
situations and
institutions
Branches of History

1. Social History
 studies the experiences
of ordinary people in the
past
Methods of Inquiry
1.Positivism
 Embraces human agency in
history. Uses sources to
provide and accurate and
complete vision of the
past. Also embraces and
empathetic approach
towards people in the past
Methods of Inquiry

1.Narrative- Chronology
 The creation of narratives
of the past – analysis plays
less role as the role of
accidents is most
important.
Methods of Inquiry

1.Biography- Hagiography
 The “ Great Men” method
which creates
chronological narratives.
Often look at the agency
of one individual in
history.
Methods of Inquiry
4. Dialectics-Analysis
 These are created which
become orthodoxies. New
theses then arrive to challenge
these revisionism – and a
synthesis is produced from the
old and the new. The synthesis
becomes the new thesis or
paradigm and the process of
clashes( dialectics) repeats
 Linguistics

Etymology

It is from the French word

“ linguistique” which
means “ language”.
Definition
1. It is the study of
language
2. It is the scientific
study of language in a
cultural context.
3. It describes language
in their own merits
Definition
4. It is the sytematic study of
recorded and unrecorded
languages all over the world.
5. It deals with how culture
affects language and vice
versa.
6. It provides insights and
understanding on how
people perceive themselves
and the world around them
Branch
1.Evolutionary Linguistics
 traces the development
of language from its
original form and
pattern
Branch
2. Historical Linguistics
 explores language
changes and the
relationships of language
spokenby different
ethnic groups and or/
nationalities
Branch
3. Socio Linguistics
 looks at the relation
between linguistics
variation and social
structures
Branch
7. Applied Linguistics
 deals with language –
related issues as applied
in everyday life
particularly on language
policies on lexicography
and translation
Branch
9. Clinic Linguistics
 deals with the application
of linguistics theory to the
field of speech-language
pathology
Branch
11. Stylistics
 refers to the style of
writing or manner of
speaking suitable for an
occasion relative to a
variety of standard usage
on literary style
Method of Inquiry
1.Descriptive Linguistics
 describes and explains
features of language
without making
subjective judgments on
whether a particular
feature or usage is good
or bad
Method of Inquiry

2.Prescriptive Linguistics
Attempts to promote
particular linguistics
usages over others,
often favouring a
particulardialect
 Political Science

Etymology

- It from the Greek word “

polis” which means “ city-
state” and Latin word “scire”
which means to “study”
Definition

1.It is the systematic study

of state and government.

2.It is the study of

government and political
process, institutions, and
behavior
Definition
3. It is primarily concerned
with the association of human
being into a “ body politic” or
a political community that
was organized under the
government and law.
Branches
1. Public Law
 concerned chiefly on the law
itself including thee
organization of gevernment,
the limitation upon
government authority and
the rules of government
offices and public officials
Branches
1. Political Theory
 Study of varying political
doctrines or thoughts from
ancient, medieval to
contemporary political
philosophies relating to the
basis, origin,form and
structure, political culture or
behavior of the people in a
state.
Branches
3. International Relations-
 Study of varying political
doctrines or thoughts from
ancient, medieval to
contemporary political
philosophies relating to the
basis, origin,form and
structure, political culture or
behavior of the people in a
state.
Branches
2.Comparative Government
 Includes surveys of the
governmental and
political systems of Asia
and the Pacific, Europe,
and Latin America,
among others
Methods of Inquiry

1.Historical Method
 observes and analyzes
carefully that facts of
history in order to
understand the present
condition.
Methods of Inquiry

2. Theoretical Method
 Uses political theories of
ancient philosophers as
models of understanding.
 Psychology

Etymology

- It is from the Greek words

“ psyche” which means “
soul” and “logos”which
means to study
Definition

 It is the study of mind

and behavior
 It is the science of
human behavior
Branches

1. General Psychology-
explains the why and how
people behave in a way
under certain situation.
2. Clinical Psychology- deals
with scientific solution to a
psychological problems
Branches
3. Legal Psychology- deals with
handling psychology issues on
legal matters.
4. Educational Psychology- deals
with usual student problems like
learning disorders, sex
education, problems on
adolescence particularly shyness
and many more.
Branches

5. Abnormal Psychology-
determines if a person has
abnormalities.
6. Personality Psychology- deals
with personality as determined
using the subject’s I.Q.
Methods of Inquiry
1.Inspection Method
 obtains data from the
participant’s feelings and
experiences.
2.Observation Method
 examines, records and
analyze the subject in the
laboratory, classroom or
institution.
 Sociology

Etymology

- It is from the Latin word” “

socius” which means
“associate or companion” and
Greek word “ logos” which
means to study
Definition
 It is the scientific study
of society
 It is the scientific study of
man’s behavior as a
consequence of his being
a member of a social
group.
Definition

 It studies collective human

behavior and social influence.
Branches of Sociology
1. Population Studies orDemography
 deals with the study of the
characteristics and growth of
population and its social
implications.

2. Social Psychology
 Focuses on collective and deviant
behavior, socialization, and social
influences on personality
Methods of Inquiry

1. Evolutionary Approach

 Offers explanation how

human groups come to
exist, grow and develop. It
also looks for patterns of
change
 Etymology

Give the etymology of the

different Social Science
disciplines and its meaning
1. socius 6. oikanomia
2. polis 7. istoria
3. linguistique 8. geo
4. anthropos 9. graphein
5. psyche 10. logos
Identify the Social Science discipline
which covers the following research
topics.
1. Voting preferences of Filipinos
2. Culture and Tradition of Muslims
3. Origin of Ilocanos
4. Behavior and attitude of the 21st
Century Learners
5. Variations of the Ilocano Dialects in
Ilocos and Zambales
6. Perceived problems of the Philippine
Tax System
7. Effects of the Marcos Regime to the
Lives of the Filipinos
8. Geographic Features of Tacloban
Fill out the table below
( Group Activity)
anthropology
The study of humans; the social
science that seeks to understand
human origins and adaptation, and the
diversity of cultures and worldviews

Father/
Pioneer
Edward Burnett
Taylor (1832-
1917)
English Cultural
Anthropologist
First to hold the chair
in the subject at Oxford
University in the UK in
1896
Coined the term
“culture”
Wrote “ Researches into
the Early History of
Mankind and the
anthropology
Development of
Civilization” published in
1865
Historical foundation
Traces its roots from natural
history which is the study of plants,
animals and humans with reference
to their history and native
environment
It was only in 19th century that the
discipline began its formative years
as a social science, though since the
ancient times, there were already
many illustrations, chronicles and
travelogues containing description
of human culture and civilizations.
Historical foundation

The discovery and contact to new

civilizations by European explorers and
colonizers led to curiosity and
questions of who these people are,
who their ancestors were, how they
are related to other people in other
places, what makes them distinct,
what similarities they share with the
rest, how they conduct their way of
life, and what culture they have in
terms of knowledge they possess, their
beliefs, technology that have, etc.
 Economics

A social science that deals with the

optimum allocation of scarce resources
among its alternatives to satisfy the
unlimited human wants and needs of
the people
Father/
Pioneer
Adam Smith (1723-
1790)
Founder of Classical
School
Economics

Constructed an
explanation on how social
behavior is regulated
Saw a word where each
person sought their own
self- interest but was
constrained by morality,
markets and government
Wrote “ wealth of the Nations” in
1776
Historical foundation

It was not considered a separate

discipline until the nineteenth century

Greeks examined wealth

accumulation and inquiries on
whether property should be in the
hands of private or public institutions
In medieval times, scholars argued
that it was a moral obligation of
businesses to sell goods at a just
price
Historical foundation

Economic thought evolved through

feudalism in the Middle Ages to
mercantilist theory in the
renaissance, when people were
concerned to orient trade policy to
further the national interest
Changes in economic thought have
always accompanied changes in the
economy, just as changes in economic
thought can propel change in
economic policy
geography
The study of earth’s surface; a
specialized investigation of the physical
structure of the earth, including its
terrain and its climates, and the nature
character of its contrasting inhabited
portions.
Father/
Pioneer
 Eratosthenes(276 B.C- 194
B.C. )
 Greek Geographer
geography
 Became chief librarian at the library of
Alexandria
 Accepted the concept that the
earth is round and calculated
its circumference to within 0.5
percent accuracy
 Described the known areas of
the world and divided the earth
into five climatic regions
 Prepared the earliest maps of
the known world

 Founded scientific chronology

It is an ancient and honourable field of
learning with its roots firmly set in
classical antiquity
People engaged in the study of
geography because it satisfies their
natural curiosity about foreign places
and different ways of life
The Ancient Greeks made the first
contributionfoundation
Historical to the subject through
measuring the earth using grids and
meridians
 A study of the past , one that describes/ narrates and analyzes
human activities in the past and changes that these had
undergone
 Father/ Pioneer

 Herodotus ( 484 B.C. – 425

B.C. )
 Greek Historian
 Treated historical subjects as a method of
investigation
 Collected historical materials systematically
and critically, and arranged them into a
historiographic narrative
 Wrote “ Histories” which is the record of
history
ancient traditions and culture of Greece, Asia
and Africa
 Influences of Ancient Greeks have helped spawn variant
centuries and continue to change today
 The groundwork for professional historiography in East Asia
was established by Han Dynasty
 Through the Medieval and Renaissance periods, History was
often studied through a sacred or religious perspective
 In the west, historians developed modern methods of
historiography in the 17th and 18th centuries, especially in
France and Germany
 In the 20th Century, academic historians focused less on epic
nationalistic narratives, which often tended to glorify the
nation or great men, to more objective and complex analyses
of social and intellectual forces
Historical foundation
 Recently, the field of digital history has begun to address
ways to using computer technology to pose new questions to
historical data and generate digital scholarship
 The scientific study of language and its
structure
 Father/ Pioneer
 Ferdinand de Saussure ( 1857-
1913 )
 Swiss
Linguist that linguistic form is arbitrary and
 Posited
therefore that all languages function in a
similar fashion

 Published “ Memoire sur le systeme primitif

des voyelles dans les langues indo-
europeenes”

linguistics
 It was the old Babylon who first created linguistics texts
called Sumerian
 Hindus also created text called Vedas
 The formal study of language began in india
 It started with the formulation of 3,959 rules of
Sanskrit morphology
 Early interest in language in the West was a part of
Philosophy, not a grammatical description

Historical foundation
  The systematic study of
 politics
Father/ Pioneer
 Aristotle (384- 322 B.
 C.)
Political
 Scientist
Laid down the foundation of governance
and leadership
 His contribution to the discourse had
brought various philosophers to argue
that politics is not just about civility,
order and organization in a state
 He said, “ manby nature is a political
animal”
 He wrote “ The Politics”
Political science
 It was once part of the many related fields of study like history,
philosophy, law and economics
 The theoretical and practical study of the state and the
politics began way back to the time of the Ancient Greeks,
about 500-300 B.C.
 During the ancient times, men had formed basic social
linkages, inherently persuaded by the needs to associate
themeselves to protect their survival and interests.
 Families came to organize collective unions from simple
bands to more organized associations forming a village who
membership span to more than a hundred that in the
process ushered the birth of a city
 The chieftain who headed a village was chosen from the
Historical Foundation
ranks of leaders with the power to make laws, judge and
execute laws
 The chiefdom become a state
 The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
 Father/Pioneer
 Wilhelm Wundt (1832-
 1920)
German Psychologist
 Opened the Institute for Experimental
Psychology at the University of Leipzig in
 Germany in 1879
Argued that conscious mental states could be
scientifically studied using introspection
 Argued that conscious mental states could be
scientifically studied using introspection

psychology
 Separated Psychology and Physiology by analyzing the
workings of the mind in a more structured way with the
emphasis being on objective measurement and control
 Trained Psychology students to make observations that were
biased by personal interpretation or previous experience and
used the results to develop a theory of conscious thought
 Wrote “ Principles of Physiological Psychology”
 It has its roots in Ancient Greek Philosophy such as epistemology,
metaphysics, religion and oriental philosophy
 Its seeds were sown from natural sciences such as biology and
physiology
 Over the centuries, psychology and physiology became
increasingly separated resulting to the two conceptions of
psychology that is phenomenological( experiential) and
mechanistic( physiological)

Historical foundation
 The systematic study of human
 society
Auguste Comte (1798-
 1857)
French Sociologist
 Coined the term “sociology”
 Advocated the application of
scientific method to social life and
positivism
 Wrote “ Cours de Philosophie Positive
published from 1830-1842 in 6
volumes

Sociology and demography

 The intellectual, scientific and industrial revolutions which
happened in Europe in the middle of the 19th Century led
to the development of Sociology
 The intellectual revolution opened new perspectives in
society which offered the people new principles, ideas and
beliefs changing their outlook in life and the way they
perceive themselves, their environment and relations with
fellow men
 The scientific revolution empowered men to overcome
their natural limitations and improve society
 The industrial revolution led to rapid progress and
economic stimulus.
 The revolutions in Europe brought rapid and radical
Historical foundation
changes which resulted to social problems, issues and
social unrest prompting some individuals to direct their
attention and investigation of social phenomena
Matching type
FATHER DISCIPLINE WORKS
1. Auguste Comte
2. Aristotle
3. Wilhelm Wundt