Sewage - For Mid

Wollo University
Kombolcha Institute of Technology

Water Resources and Irrigation Engineering Department
Sewage Treatment
By:- Nuru M.
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Module: Sewage Treatment

Course: wastewater treatment
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Course Objectives
The objective of this presentation is to...

• To teach basic methods for industrial and
municipal wastewater treatment and the
process involved
• To teach the design of wastewater
treatment facilities.
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Course outlines
1.Introduction to wastewater treatment

❖General about wastewater treatment
❖Goals of wastewater treatment
❖Wastewater treatment standards
❖Flow sheets of wastewater treatment systems
2.Characteristics of wastewater
❖Physical, chemical and bacteriological
characteristics of waste water
❖Measurement of concentration of contaminants in
wastewater
❖Mathematical model for the BOD curve
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Course outlines
3. Preliminary and primary wastewater treatment

methods
❖Preliminary wastewater treatment
❖primary wastewater treatment
4.Secondary/biological and tertiary wastewater
treatment
❖Microorganisms and their role in wastewater
treatment
❖Types of biological process for wastewater treatment
❖Tertiary treatment process
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Course outlines
5. Sewage effluent disposal techniques

❖Land disposal and treatment
❖Disposal by dilution and oxygen sag curve
6.Sludge treatment and disposal
❖Sludge treatment methods
❖Sludge treatment flow sheets
❖Sludge thickening, conditioning, stabilization and
dewatering
❖Disposal and reuse options
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Introduction to wastewater
treatment
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Introduction to wastewater treatment

Terminology
Sewage:
The Liquid waste from a community is called sewage.
Sewer:
Sewers are under ground pipes or conduits which carry sewage to points of
disposal.
Sewerage:
The entire system used for collection, treatment and disposal of Liquid
waste. This includes pipes, manholes, and all structures used for the above
mentioned purposes.
Liquid waste
Liquid waste: is the discharge from any fixture, appliance, or appurtenance i
n
connection with a plumbing system.
Sludge:
A settled portion of the sewage or waste water effluent from a sedim
entation tank in semi‐solid condition.
sewer
Sewage sewer
manhole Manhole cover

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Waste pipe Soil pipe
A pipe carrying wastewater such as that A pipe which conveys the discharge of WC,
from a sink, bath tub, hand wash or shower. urinals, or fixtures having similar functions.
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Introduction
 Sewage is municipal wastewater from communities or the
liquid waste from a community and excrement conveyed in
sewers.
 The term sewage is nowadays regarded as an older term
and is being more and more replaced by “waste water”
 Wastewater is “used water from any combination of
domestic, industrial, commercial or institutional
establishment, surface runoff, storm water and any sewer
inflow or sewer infiltration.
 Sewage is a subset of wastewater. It is used to describe all
types of waste water generated from domestic dwelling.
• Sewage is a synonym of waste water
• Wastewater is a synonym of sewage.
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 Sewage = Excreta + community liquid waste.
 What is excreta?
is the liquid wastes originating from urinals, and latrines (toilet).
 What is community liquid waste?
Is the waste water from bath rooms, kitchens, washing places and wash
basins etc.
Excreta community liquid waste
Categories of Sewage
1. Storm Sewage:
Surface runoff developed during and immediately after
rainfall .
2. Sanitary Sewage:
Liquid wastes of domestic and industrial places. This
sewage is extremely foul in nature and required to be
disposed off very carefully.
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Origins of sewage (wastewater)
• Sewage (wastewater) is generated by residential, institutional,
commercial and industrial establishments. It includes household
waste liquid from toilets, baths, showers, kitchens, and sinks draining
into sewers.
• In many areas, sewage also includes liquid waste from industry and
commerce. The separation and draining of household waste
like greywater and Blackwater is becoming more common in the
developed world, with treated greywater being permitted to be used
for watering plants or recycled for flushing toilets.
 The collection, transport, treatment and disposal of sewages or waste products is
called Sanitation.
Components of
Systems of Types & Sources Sewerage
sewerage
sanitation of sewage system
system
Conservancy Water carriage Ecological
•dry & old system. used to convey garbage's by animal drawn cart or lorries. The
garbage's can be combustible or non combustible, the former is burnt and the later is
buried in law laying area or land fill. But leachates or Liquid that collects at the
bottom of a landfill and storm water must conveyed in to natural stream by close or
open channels to prevent unwanted movement of landfill leachate into soil and
groundwater
•It is adopted in small towns, villages or rural areas w/r there is scarcity of water
•Waste product is collected in separate liquid and semi-liquid wastes and disposed by
animal drawn carts, trucks buried in trenches.
Types & Components of

Systems of Sewerage
Sources of sewerage
sanitation system
sewage system
Advantages:
1. Initial cost is low,
2. The quantity of sewage reaching at the treatment
plant is low.

Systems of Sewerage
Sources of sewerage
sanitation system
sewage system
Disadvantages:
1. More land is required for waste.
2. Liquid refuse may get on access in the sub soil and
pollute the underground water.
3. Aesthetically bad.
4. Decomposition of sewage causes insanitary conditions
which are dangerous to the public health.

Systems of Sewerage
Sources of sewerage
sanitation system
sewage system
•In this system sewage is mixed with sufficient quantity of

water and carried with closed conduit or sewers.
•Wastewater is conveyed by sewer lines to treatment plant
•The sewage so formed in water carriage system consists of
99.9 percentage of water and 0.1 percentage of solid
matters.

Systems of Sewerage
Sources of sewerage
sanitation system
sewage system
• Merits:
1. Hygienic
2. Less space is occupied in crowded lane as only one sewer is laid
3. This system does not depend on manual labor at every time except
when sewers get choked.
4. Not such bad smell are produced
5. Suitable for multistory building
• Demerits:
1. Wastage of water (99.9% of water)

Systems of Sewerage
Sources of sewerage
sanitation system
sewage system
•Ecosan approaches considered human

excreta as a resource.
•Safe recycle of the human excreta &
urine for crop production & agricultural
purposes.

Systems of Sewerage
Sources of sewerage
sanitation system
sewage system
Black Yellow Brown

Gray water
water water water
•Washing water from the kitchen, Bathroom, laundry

(without faeces and urine)

Systems of Sewerage
Sources of sewerage
sanitation system
sewage system
Black Yellow Brown

Gray water
water water water
•Water from flush toilet (faeces and urine mixed with

fresh water)

Systems of Sewerage
Sources of sewerage
sanitation system
sewage system
Black Yellow Brown

Gray water
water water water
Urine from
• separated toilets like UDDT’s & urinals
UDDT are dry toilets that separately collect urine and faeces with a
special toilet seat or pan.
The two main reasons to separate urine and faeces are:
1. To recycle the plant nutrients in urine
2. to facilitate the composting of faeces
Components of
sewerage
system
Black Yellow Brown

Gray water
water water water
Urine from
UDDT
Components of
sewerage
system
Black Yellow Brown

Gray water
water water water
Urine from
urinals

Systems of Sewerage
Sources of sewerage
sanitation system
sewage system
Black Yellow Brown

Gray water
water water water
•Black and yellow water together(faeces and toilet flush

water)

Systems of Sewerage
Sources of sewerage
sanitation system
sewage system
Separate Combined Partially separate
Separate sewerage system Carries either sewage or drainage

independently
•Sewer size is small comparatively
•Reduces silting occurrence probability
•less pumping stations requirement
•Small quantity of waste for treatment
•No overflows

Systems of Sewerage
Sources of sewerage
sanitation system
sewage system
When sewage is carried along with drainage with in single sewer line
•Designed for both storm and sanitary sewage
•Favorable when two lineup is difficult.
•40% lower in cost than separate
•Higher size of treatment plant
•high quantity of waste for treatment
•More pump station are required

Systems of Sewerage
Sources of sewerage
sanitation system
sewage system
•When apart of drainage from roof and paved court yards are
admitted to enter in sewer with apart of domestic sewages.
•Sewers are of reasonable size
Types & Components

Systems of Sewerage
Sources of of sewerage
sanitation system
sewage system
Manhole
Drop manhole
Lamp hole
Pumps station
Clean out
Laterals, branches, mains, trunk lines etc…
Street inlet/ gullies
Catch basin/catch pits
Grease and oil trap
Inverted siphons
Flow regulators
Ventilation systems
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General About Wastewater Treatment

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General About Wastewater Treatment (WWT)
 What is wastewater treatment?

o Removing contaminants/pollutants
from wastewater.
o The contaminants (pollutants) in
wastewater are removed by
physical, chemical and/or
biological means, and the
individual methods usually are
classified as physical, chemical and
biological unit processes or
operations.
Fig. 1.1. Improperly disposed ww.

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General About WWT
 sewage is generally extremely foul, because of the presence of

human excreta in it and any other constituents:
 Some contaminants in sewage (waste water).
• Suspended solids: lead to the development of sludge deposits
• Pathogens: cause diseases
• Nutrients: essential for growth (N, P,…).
• Refractory organics: resist conventional methods of wastewater
treatment.
• Heavy metals :may have to be removed if the wastewater is to be
reused
• Dissolved inorganic solids (calcium, sodium, and sulfate): may
have to be removed if the wastewater is to be reused
• Organic matters: Fats and oils received from kitchens, laundries,
garages, shops, etc. and Nitrogenous compounds like proteins.
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General About WWT
Therefore, Wastewater should be collected and treated

before its ultimate disposal in order to :
 Reduce spread of communicable diseases
 Prevent surface and ground water pollution and
 To prevent disease by providing proper sanitation
• By isolating user from their own excreta &
• Inactive pathogen before entering the environment.
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General About WWT

• The wastewater can be broadly divided into two categories:
1. Biodegradable wastewater
⚫ Is bio waste they can decompose due to rapid action of micro organisms or
ww that can be changed back to a harmless natural states by the action of
bacteria and will therefore not damage the env’t.
⚫ The wastes in general have a predominance of biodegradable organic matter
⚫ The stabilization of organic matter is accomplished biologically using a
variety of microorganisms.
⚫ Examples kitchen waste like vegetable and fruit peel, human and animal
excreta, and dead leaving beings.
2. Non-biodegradable wastewater
⚫As the name suggests are those material that can not be decomposed or
dissolved by natural agents.
⚫The wastewater are rich in non-biodegradable matter consisting of solids and
liquids in suspended or dissolved form, including various inorganic and
organic, many of which may be highly toxic.
▫ Example any thing made with plastic( plastic bag, bottles), metal can or metal
scrap and rubber tires, computer hard ware and construction waste
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General About WWT
• WWT comprises of the following stages of treatment:

1. Conventional treatment
I. Preliminary treatment
II. Primary treatment
III. Secondary/biological
2. Advanced/tertiary treatment
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General About WWT

❑Methods of treatment in which the application of physical forces
dominates are called unit operation
❑Methods of treatment in which chemical or biological activity are
involved are known as unit process.
❑WWT applies any of this operations, processes or combination of
both.
❑WWT is the combination of physical, chemical and biological
processes.
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Objectives of Wastewater treatment
• removal of pollutants and the protection and preservation of our

natural resources.
• protection of human health by the destruction of pathogenic
organisms prior to treated effluent being discharged to receiving
water bodies and land.
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Wastewater Treatment Standards

❖Environmental standards are developed to ensure that the impacts
of treated wastewater discharges into ambient waters are
acceptable.
Effluents from different establishments should be:
1. Free from materials which are toxic or harmful to human,
animal, aquatic life.
2. Free from anything that will settle in receiving waters forming
putrescence or that will adversely affect aquatic life.
3. Free from floating debris, oil, scum and other materials;
4. Free from materials and heat that produce color, turbidity, or
odor in sufficient concentration to create a nuisance or adversely
affect aquatic life in receiving waters;
5. Free from nutrients in concentrations that create nuisance
growths of aquatic weeds or algae in the receiving waters.
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Wastewater Treatment Standards

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Flow Sheets for Wastewater treatment Systems

• The term "flow sheet" is used to describe a particular combination
of unit operations and processes used to achieve a specific
treatment objective.
• Is the combination preliminary treatment
primary
secondary
tertiary treatment system
• The choice of a set of treatment methods depends on several
factors, including discharge permits and available disposal
facilities.
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Flow Sheets for Wastewater treatment Systems

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CHARACTERISTICS
OF
WASTEWATER
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Physical, Chemical and Bacteriological

Characteristic of wastewater
Physical Characteristics
❑Turbidity , color, odor, and temperature
Chemical Characteristics
❑ Alkalinity, pH, Chloride Contents, Dissolved gases,
Nitrogen compounds, Phosphorus, Presence of Fats, Oils
and Greases, Sulphides, Sulphates and Hydrogen
Sulphide Gas, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Bio-Chemical
Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),
Biological Characteristics
 Microbial population
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What is the turbidity, color, odor, temperature of sewage?
❖Turbid, grey/soapy/black after petrification, musty (not offensive)/bad smell
after H2S released, warmer
 Turbidity:- Turbid due to suspended solid in waste water, waste water will
have higher turbidity and cloudness. The turbidity increases as sewage
becomes stronger. The degree of turbidity can be measured by turbidity
rods or by turbid-meters.
 Method for removing turbidity
⚫ Coagulation, flocculation and filtration
 Color:- fresh sewage is usually a light brownish-gray color but over times it
becomes black in color due to the oxidation of organic matter or
due to partial decomposition. (if travel time of sewage in the
collection system increases) the color of the wastewater will change in to
black and become septic.
 Can be removed by coagulation or sedimentation process
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 odor:- are caused by gases produced by the decomposition of organic
matter or by other substances added to the wastewater
 Fresh domestic sewage has a musty odor (not offensive)/ has oily or
soapy and bad smell after H2S released
 Sewage after some times develops a characterstic rotten egg
odour due to the presence of hydogen sulfide.
▫ Causes of Odor and Taste:- concentrations of inorganic salts, Hydrogen
sulphide, Industrial discharges _ pesticides, phenols, dead and decaying
organic material including sewage and algae, Biological decomposition
of organics and chlorination
▫ Method adopted for removal of odor and taste
⚫ Coagulation followed by filtration
⚫ Pre and post chlorination
⚫ Ozonisation
⚫ Use chlorine di oxide, copper sulphate, and potassium permanganent
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 Temperature:-
 temrature of sewage is slightly more than that of water or sewage is
normally afew degree higher than the water supply, because of the
presence of industrial sewage.
 due to more biological activity & because of the addition of warm water
from households and industrial plants , ww have higher temperature.
 The temrature of sewage changes when sewage becomes septic because
of chemical process. The lower tempratue indicates the entrance of
ground water into the sewage.
 The ideal temperature of sewage for the biological activities is 20°c.
However, when the temperature is more, the DO of sewage gets reduced.
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Alkalinity
This is a measure of the wastewater’s capability to
neutralize acids. It is measured in terms of bicarbonate,
carbonate, and hydroxide alkalinity. Alkalinity is essential
to buffer (hold the neutral pH) of the wastewater during
the biological treatment processes.
pH
• is a method of expressing the acid condition of the
sewage.
• Generally the pH of raw sewage is in the range 6 to 9.
• the fresh sewage is generally alkaline in nature ( pH > 7);
but as time passes, its pH tends to fall due to production
of acids by bacterial action in anaerobic or nitrification
processes.
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Chloride Contents
• derived from the kitchen wastes, human feces, and urinary discharges, etc.
• when the chloride content of a given sewage is found to be high, it indicates
the presence of industrial wastes or infiltration of sea water
• The normal chloride content of domestic sewage is 120mg/l
Nitrogen compounds
• The presence of nitrogen in sewage indicates the presence of organic matter,
and may occur in:
a) Free ammonia, called ammonia nitrogen; it indicates the very first
stage of decomposition of organic matter (thus indicating recently,
staled sewage)
b) Organic nitrogen; indicates quantity of nitrogen present in sewage
before the decomposition of organic matter is started
c) Nitrites; indicate the presence of partly decomposed (not fully
oxidized) organic matter and Nitrates, indicate the presence of fully
oxidized organic matter.
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Phosphorus
• is essential to biological activity and must be present
in at least minimum quantities, Excessive amounts
can cause stream damage and excessive algal growth.
• Phosphorus will normally be in the range of 6 to 20mg/L.
Presence of Fats, Oils and Greases
• are derived in sewage from the discharges of animals
and vegetable matter, or from the industries like
garages, kitchens of hotels and restaurants, etc.
• Such matter form scum on the top of the
sedimentation tanks and clog the voids of the
filtering media.
• Hence, need proper detection and removal.
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Sulphides, Sulphates and Hydrogen Sulphide Gas
• Sulphides and sulphates are formed due to the decomposition of
various sulphur containing substances present in sewage,
• this, decomposition also leads to evolution of hydrogen sulphide gas,
causing bad smells and odours, besides causing corrosion of concrete
sewer pipes.
• In aerobic digestion of sewage, the aerobic and facultative bacteria
oxidize the sulphur and its compounds present in sewage to initially
form sulphides,
• In anaerobic digestion of sewage, however, the anaerobic and
facultative bacteria reduce the sulphur and its compounds into
sulphides, with evolution of H2S gas along with methane and carbon
dioxide, thus causing very obnoxious smells and odors. If, however,
the quantity of H2S in raw sewage is below 1ppm, obnoxious odors
are not felt.
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Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

• DO is very important for aquatic life like fish,…
• the treated sewage should ensure at least 4ppm of DO
in it before discharging it to river stream;
• otherwise, fish are likely to be killed,
• very fresh sewage contains some DO, which is soon
depleted by aerobic decomposition.
• the dissolved oxygen (DO) of sewage gets reduced with
the temperature is more
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Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

• used as a measure of the quantity of oxygen required
for oxidation of biodegradable organic matter by
aerobic biochemical action.
• The rate of oxygen consumption is affected by a
number of variables:
▫ temperature, pH, the presence microorganisms, and the
type of organic and inorganic material.
• The greater the BOD, the more rapidly oxygen is
depleted in the water body.
• The consequences of high BOD are the same as those
for low DO:
▫ aquatic organisms become stressed, suffocate, and die.
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Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

• measures the total quantity of oxygen required for
oxidation of organics into carbon dioxide and water.
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Biological Characteristics
 Microbial population:-
✓ are due to the presence of bacteria and other living
microorganisms, such as algae, fungi, protozoa, etc.
✓ Most of the vast number of bacteria present in sewage
is harmless non-pathogenic bacteria.
✓ They are useful and helpful in bringing oxidation and
decomposition of sewage.
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Measurement of Concentration of
Contaminants in Wastewater
• The most important standard methods for analysis
of organic contaminants/oxygen demand are:
1. Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD)
2. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
3. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
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2. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
 The amount of oxygen needed to oxidize the wastes chemically.
• is determined by performing a lab. test with a strong
oxidant like dichromate solution.
• COD used more of to measure non-biodegradable
matter.
• The advantage of COD measurements is that they are
obtained very quickly (within 3 hours)
• the disadvantages, they do not give any information on
the proportion of the WW that can be oxidized by
bacteria.
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3. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
• Oxygen demand of WW is exerted by three classes of
materials:
1. Carbonaceous organic materials usable as a source of
food by aerobic organisms
2. oxidizable nitrogen derived from nitrite, ammonia,
and organic nitrogen compounds which serve as food
for specific bacteria (e.g., Nitrosomonas and
Nitrobacter).
3. Chemical reducing compounds, e.g., ferrous ion
(Fe2+), sulfites (SO32-), and sulfide (S2-) which are
oxidized by dissolved oxygen.
• For domestic sewage, nearly all oxygen demand is due
to carbonaceous organic materials.
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• The carbonaceous BOD is the amount of oxygen
required by microorganisms to decompose
carbonaceous material that are subject to microbial
decomposition.
• This is the first stage of oxidation and the corresponding
BOD is known as the first stage demand.
In the 2nd stage, nitrogenous

matter oxidized, and the
corresponding BOD is called
second stage BOD or nitrifying
demand.
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Mathematical Model for the BOD Curve
The rate of oxygen utilization, at a given

incubation time decreases as concentration
of organic matter remaining un-oxidized
becomes gradually smaller.
At a certain temperature, the rate of

deoxygenation is assumed to be directly
proportional to the amount of organic matter
present in sewage at that time. (there is
proportionality between the rate of oxygen
utilization and that of destruction of organic
matter by biological oxidation); i.e.
dLt
=-KLt
𝑑𝑡
Fig. First stage BOD curve
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•
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Where L= initial organic matter

t= time in days
KD= deoxygenation rate constant
 Minus sign indicates that with the passage of time (i.e with increase
in time the value of Lt is decrease)
• Yt is the oxygen absorbed in t days, i.e. BOD of t days.
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Table: Sewage type depending

on BOD value
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 Example 1
• Calculate 1 day 37ºc BOD of sewage sample whose 5 day 20°c
BOD is 100 mg/l. Assume KD at 20°c as 0.1.
 Example 2
• The 5 day 30°c BOD of sewage sample is 1l0mg/l. Calculate its 5
days 20°c BOD. Assume the deoxygenation constant at 20°c K20
as 0.1.
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WASTEWATER
TREATMENT METHODS
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 Sewage treatment generally involves the stages, Preliminary, primary,

secondary and tertiary treatment.
 Preliminary treatment is pre-treatment removes all materials that can be easily
collected from the raw sewage or to remove all large objects like cans, rags,
sticks, plastic packets etc. carried in the sewage stream.
 Primary treatment consists in removing large suspended organic solid
and this is usually accomplished by sedimentation. the effluent from
primary treatment will ordinarily contain considerable organic matter
and will have a relatively high BOD.
 Secondary treatment is designed to remove the residual organic matter and
suspended material it is accomplish biological processes. The effluent from
secondary treatment usually has little BOD5 and suspended solids.
 Tertiary treatment is used for the removal of suspended and dissolved
materials remaining after secondary treatment. When required for water
reuse or for the control of eutrophication in receiving waters
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PRELIMINARY AND PRIMARY WASTEWATER

TREATMENT METHODS
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Preliminary Treatment
• consists solely in separating the floating materials and
heavy settleable inorganic solids.
• Purpose:- to protect the operation of wastewater treatment
plant. This is acheived by removing from the wastewater
any constituents which can clog or damage pumps, or
filter media.
• It also helps in removing the oils and greases, etc.
• reduces the BOD of the WW, by about 15 to 30%.
• The processes used
are:
1. Screening
2. communitors
3. Grit chambers or
Detritus tanks
4. Skimming tanks
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1) Screening
✓ remove the floating matter, such as pieces of cloth, paper,
wood, cork, hair, fiber, kitchen refuse, fecal solids, etc.
✓ What if floating materials not removed?
▪ will choke the pipes, or adversely affect the working of the
sewage pumps.
✓ Depending upon the size of

the openings, screens may be
classified as
▪ coarse screens,
▪ medium screens, and
▪ fine screens.
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 Coarse screens (Racks): the spacing between the bars (i.e. opening
size) is about 50 mm or more.
✓ These screens help in removing large floating objects.
✓ collects about 6 liters of solids per million liter of WW
✓ The material separated by coarse screens, usually consists of rags,
wood, paper, etc., which will not putrefy, and may be disposed of by
incineration, burial, or dumping.
 Medium screens: the spacing b/n bars is about 6 to 40 mm.
➢These screens will ordinarily collect 30 to 90 liters of material per
million liter of sewage.
➢The screenings usually contain some quantity of organic material,
which may putrefy and become offensive, disposed of by
incineration, or burial.
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 Fine Screens: have perforations of 1.5 mm to 3 mm in size.
➢The installation of these screens proves very effective, and remove
20% of the suspended solids.
➢get clogged very often, and need frequent cleaning.
➢used only for treating the industrial wastewaters, or for treating those
municipal wastewaters.
 Disposal of Screenings
▪ screenings is material separated by screens.
▪ It contains 85 to 90% of moisture and other floating matter.
▪ It may also contain some organic load which may putrefy, causing
bad smells and nuisance.
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 To avoid such possibilities, the screenings are disposed
of either by:
•Incineration
•Composting, or
•dumping.
▪ The dumping is avoided when screenings are from
medium and fine screens,
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2. Comminutors/shredder
• are the patented devices, which
break the larger sewage solids
to about 6mm in size,
Figure of Comminutor and shredder

• eliminate the problem of disposal of screenings, by reducing the
solids to a size which can be processed elsewhere in the plant.
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3) Grit Removal Basins (grit chamber, detritus tank,..)
o are the sedimentation basins placed in front of the
wastewater treatment plant.
o The grit chamber remove the inorganic particles (specific
gravity about 2.65 and nominal diameter of 0.15 to 0.20mm
or larger) such as sand, gravel, egg shells, bones, and other
non-putresible materials
o Grit may clog channels or damage pumps due to abrasion,
and to prevent their accumulation in sludge digesters.
o These inorganic materials is removed by the process of
sedimentation due to gravitational forces.
o The organic material is not allowed to settle in this process,
as they cause septicity of sewage.
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Constant Velocity Horizontal Flow Grit Chambers
❑is an enlarged channel or a long basin, in which the
cross-section is increased, so as to reduce the flow
velocity of sewage.
❑why flow velocity reduction is required?
❑to cause the settlement of the entire silt and grit
present in sewage.
❑The important point in the design of the grit basins
is that the flow velocity should neither be too low
nor should it be so high. Why?
❑ if too slow lighter organic matter will settle down, septicity!!
❑ if too high, even silt and grit not settle down.
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2. Design a suitable grit chamber cum Detritus tank for
a sewage treatment plant getting a dry weather flow
from a separate sewerage system @4001/s. Assume
the flow velocity through the tank as 0.2m/sec and
detention period of 2 minutes. The maximum flow
may be assumed to be 3 times of dry weather flow.
Solution
Detritus tanks are nothing but rectangular grit chambers,
designed to flow with a smaller flow velocity (of about
0.09m/sec) and longer detention periods (3 to 4 minutes)
The length of the tank
= Velocity ∗ Detention time = 0.2 ∗ (2 ∗ 60) = 24m
The discharge passing through each tank
= 400l/s = 0.4m3/sec
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•
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The tank will be 1.7m wide

up to 1.5m depth, and
then the sides will slope
down to form an
elongated trough of 24m
length as shown in
figure
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4) Skimming Tanks
✓ Used for removing oils and grease and placed
before the sedimentation-tanks.
✓ These oil and greasy materials may be removed in a
skimming tank, in which
✓ air is blown by an aerating device through the bottom.
✓ The rising air tends to coagulate and congeal (solidify)
the grease, and cause it to rise to the surface from
where it is removed.
✓ A detention period of about 3 - 5 min. is sufficient,
90
Primary Wastewater Treatment

▪ consists in removing large suspended organic
solids.
▪ This is usually accomplished by sedimentation in
settling basins.
▪ What is sedimentation?
Sedimentation
• is the physical separation of suspended material
from water or wastewater by the action of gravity.
• SSs are separated by settling to the bottom of
sedimentation tanks by gravitational force.
• Sedimentation tanks are tank designed to remove
this organic matter from the sewage effluent coming
out from the grit chambers.
91

The principle behind sedimentation.
The very fundamental principle underlying the process of
sedimentation is that the organic matter present in sewage is
having specific gravity greater than that of water (i.e. 1.0).
❖In still sewage, these particles will, tend to settle down by
gravity;
❖in flowing sewage, particles are kept in suspension, because of
the turbulence in water.
❖Hence, as soon as the turbulence is retarded by offering storage
to sewage, these impurities tend to settle down at the bottom of
the tank offering such storage.
92

Types of Settling
Depending on the particles concentration and the
interaction between particles, 4 types of settling can
occur: Discrete (type I), Flocculent (type II), Hindered
(type III), Compression (type IV)
1. Discrete particle settling: The particles settle
without interaction and occur under low solids
concentration.
2. Flocculent settling: particles initially settle
independently, but flocculate in the depth of the
clarification unit.
▫ The velocity of settling particles is usually increasing
as the particles aggregates.
93
hindered
3. Hindered/zone settling : Inter-particle forces are

sufficient to hinder the settling of neighboring particles.
The particles tend to remain in fixed positions with respect
to each others.
94

4. Compression settling: occurs when the particle
concentration is so high that so that particles at
one level are mechanically influenced by particles
on lower levels. The settling velocity then
drastically reduces.
95
Sedimentation Tanks
• are designed for effecting settlement of particles by

reducing the flow velocity or by detaining the sewage
in them.
• They are generally made of reinforced concrete and

may be rectangular or circular in plan.
• Long narrow rectangular tanks with horizontal flow

are generally preferred to the circular tanks with
radial or spiral flow
96

Sedimentation basin has four district zones: inlet, settling,
outlet and sludge zone
Settling
zone
Outlet
Outflow
zone
zone
Inlet
Inflow
Sludge
zone
Scraper blade
Sludge
Fig. of rectangular sedimentation tank
97
 Inlet zone:- region in which flow is uniformly distributed over the

cross section
 settling zone- region in which settling occurs at quiescent /stable
condition
 sludge zone- a region below settling zone for a collection of sludge
 outlet- a region for discharge clarified effluent.
 Scraper blade- used to collect and remove any type of sludge.
98
o Sedimentation tanks may function either intermittently

or continuously.
o The Intermittent settling tanks are simple settling
tanks which store sewage for a certain period and keep
it in complete rest.
o In a continuous flow the flow velocity is only reduced,
and the sewage is not brought to complete rest, as is
done in an intermittent type.
99
•
100
•
101

Table. Design criteria for primary sedimentation tank
parameter value
range typical
Detention time, hr 1.5-2.5 2
Overflow rate,m3/m2/d
Average flow 32-48 40
Peak flow 80-120 100
Weir loading, m3/m/d 125-500 250
Dimensions, m
Rectangular
Depth 2-5 2.4-3.6
Length 15-90 25-40
Width* 3-24 6-10
Sludge scrapper speed, m/min 0.6-1.4 1
Circular
Depth 3-5 4.5
Diameter 3.6-60 12-45
Bottom slope, mm/m 60-160 80
Sludge scrapper speed, m/min 0.02-0.05 0.03
*Source: Howard S. Peavy
102
Constructional Details of the Sedimentation Tanks

a. Inlet and Outlet Arrangement
• In order to reduce short circuiting and to distribute the
flow uniformly proper arrangement must be made for
smooth entry of water.
• A most suitable type of an inlet for a rectangular
settling tank is in the form of a channel extending to
full width of the tank, with a submerged weir type baffle
wall.
• A similar type of outlet arrangement is also used these
days. It consists of an outlet channel extending for full
width of the tank
103

b. Baffles
• Baffles are required to distribute the sewage uniformly
through the cross-section of the tank, and thus to avoid
short circuiting.
• Both inlets and outlets are, therefore, protected by
hanging baffles,
c. Skimming Troughs
• When the amount of oils and greasy matter is small, a

skim trough is generally provided in the sedimentation
tank itself, near its outlet end,
104
d. Cleaning and Sludge Removal

• the deposited sludge should have to removed before it
becomes stale and septic.
• It also reduces the capacity of the tank and its
detention period,
• it leads to the evolution of foul gases formed due to the
anaerobic decomposition.
• Modern sedimentation tanks, however, are generally
provided with mechanical cleaning devices.
105
Example
106
107
108
Sedimentation Aided with Coagulation

What is Coagulation?
▪ Coagulation is the destabilization of colloids (very fine SS) by
addition of chemicals that neutralize the negative charges
▪ The chemicals are known as coagulants,
 Important coagulants used in sewage treatment
•Ferric chloride
•Ferric sulphate with lime
•Alum
•Chlorinated copperas
109
▪ Then, the destabilized particles agglomerate into a large size

particles known as flocs which can be effectively removed by
sedimentation or flotation.
▪ The process of forming flocs is called flocculation.
Fig. of sedimentation by coagulation

110

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Wollo University

Kombolcha Institute of Technology

Module: Sewage Treatment

The objective of this presentation is to...

1.Introduction to wastewater treatment

3. Preliminary and primary wastewater treatment

5. Sewage effluent disposal techniques

Introduction to wastewater treatment

manhole Manhole cover

Introduction to wastewater treatment

Introduction to wastewater treatment

Introduction to wastewater treatment

Conservancy Water carriage Ecological

Types & Components of

Conservancy Water carriage Ecological

Types & Components of

Conservancy Water carriage Ecological

Types & Components of

Conservancy Water carriage Ecological

•In this system sewage is mixed with sufficient quantity of

Types & Components of

Conservancy Water carriage Ecological

Types & Components of

Conservancy Water carriage Ecological

•Ecosan approaches considered human

Types & Components of

Black Yellow Brown

•Washing water from the kitchen, Bathroom, laundry

Types & Components of

Black Yellow Brown

•Water from flush toilet (faeces and urine mixed with

Types & Components of

Black Yellow Brown

Black Yellow Brown

Black Yellow Brown

Types & Components of

Black Yellow Brown

•Black and yellow water together(faeces and toilet flush

Types & Components of

Separate Combined Partially separate

Separate sewerage system Carries either sewage or drainage

Types & Components of

Separate Combined Partially separate

Types & Components of

Separate Combined Partially separate

Types & Components

General About Wastewater Treatment

General About Wastewater Treatment (WWT)

 What is wastewater treatment?

Fig. 1.1. Improperly disposed ww.

General About WWT

 sewage is generally extremely foul, because of the presence of

General About WWT

Therefore, Wastewater should be collected and treated

General About WWT

General About WWT

• WWT comprises of the following stages of treatment:

General About WWT

Objectives of Wastewater treatment

• removal of pollutants and the protection and preservation of our

Wastewater Treatment Standards

Wastewater Treatment Standards

Flow Sheets for Wastewater treatment Systems